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Finnish

### Indefinite Dual Pronouns

When choosing between exactly two options, Finnish uses specific pronouns for "both" (*kumpikin*) and "either" (*jompikumpi*). They are typically paired with singular nouns.

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### Declining the Pronouns

*Kumpikin* and *jompikumpi* decline to match the case of the noun they modify. However, there is a special rule for these words: **both halves of the word decline**.

- **kumpikin**: the base *kumpi* declines, and the suffix *-kin* is added to the very end.
- **jompikumpi**: both halves (*jompi* and *kumpi*) decline into the same case.

### Genitive Case

When acting as a total object or showing possession, use the genitive case. Notice how the internal consonants change from a strong *mp* to a weak *mm*.

- *kumpikin* → *kumman* + *-kin* = **kummankin**
- *jompikumpi* → *jomman* + *kumman* = **jommankumman**

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### Adessive Case

When expressing ownership ("has"), use the adessive ending **-lla** / **-llä**.

- *kumpikin* → *kummalla* + *-kin* = **kummallakin**
- *jompikumpi* → *jommalla* + *kummalla* = **jommallakummalla**

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### Partitive Case

If the pronoun is the object of a partitive verb (like *silittää*, to pet), it takes the partitive ending **-a** / **-ä**.

- *kumpikin* → *kumpaa* + *-kin* = **kumpaakin**
- *jompikumpi* → *jompaa* + *kumpaa* = **jompaakumpaa**

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Indefinite dual pronouns (kumpikin, jompikumpi)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
both / each (of two)	kumpikin
the puppy	pentu
sweet / cute (adorable, endearing, not taste)	suloinen
Both puppies are really sweet.	Kumpikin pentu on todella suloinen.
the animal shelter	löytöeläintalo
either (of two)	jompikumpi
We will choose either dog from the animal shelter.	Valitsemme löytöeläintalosta jommankumman koiran.
the microchip	siru
the vaccination	rokotus
Both dogs already have a microchip and a vaccination.	Kummallakin koiralla on jo siru ja rokotus.
to pet / to stroke	silittää
You can pet either cat.	Voit silittää jompaakumpaa kissaa.
My puppy is really sweet, but it needs a vaccination.	Pentuni on todella suloinen, mutta se tarvitsee rokotuksen.
to walk (a pet)	ulkoiluttaa
Either of us will walk the dog tomorrow.	Jompikumpi meistä ulkoiluttaa koiran huomenna.
Both cats that live in the animal shelter need a home.	Kumpikin kissa, joka asuu löytöeläintalossa, tarvitsee kodin.
This puppy does not need a vaccination either.	Tämäkään pentu ei tarvitse rokotusta.
Do not walk the puppy without a vaccination!	Älkää ulkoiluttako pentua ilman rokotusta!
I want to pet both animals.	Haluan silittää kumpaakin eläintä.
Does either puppy already have a microchip?	Onko jommallakummalla pennulla jo siru?
Do not pet the puppy that is angry.	Älkää silittäkö pentua, joka on vihainen.
the breed	rotu
Both breeds are sweet.	Kumpikin rotu on suloinen.
I want a puppy of either breed.	Minä haluan jommankumman rodun pennun.