Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Finnish

### Comparing Present Participles (-va/-vä)

Participles act like adjectives, so they have comparative ("more") and superlative ("most") forms. 

For present active participles (ending in *-va* or *-vä*), forming the comparative is straightforward. Simply add the suffix **-mpi**. Unlike some regular adjectives (like *vanha* → *vanhempi*), participles keep their final vowel.

- *mullistava* (revolutionary) → *mullistavampi* (more revolutionary)
- *kestävä* (durable) → *kestävämpi* (more durable)

To form the superlative, drop the final *a/ä* and add **-in**.

- *vaativa* (demanding) → *vaativin* (most demanding)

{{item:960529}}

{{item:960534}}

### Comparing Past Participles (-nut/-nyt)

Past active participles (ending in *-nut* or *-nyt*) use their vowel stem, which ends in **-nee-**. 

To form the comparative, add **-mpi** to this stem.

- *kokenut* (experienced) → *kokeneempi* (more experienced)
- *kehittynyt* (advanced) → *kehittyneempi* (more advanced)

For the superlative, the long vowel shortens to a single *e* before adding **-in**, resulting in **-nein**.

- *kokenut* → *kokenein* (most experienced)
- *kehittynyt* → *kehittynein* (most advanced)

{{item:960543}}

{{item:960544}}

### Expressing "Than"

You can express what something is being compared to in two ways: use **kuin** (than) followed by the nominative case, or drop *kuin* entirely and put the compared noun into the partitive case.

{{item:960551}}

### Inflecting Compared Participles

Comparative and superlative participles must agree in case with the nouns they modify. They follow the exact same gradation rules as regular compared adjectives:

- Comparatives use the stems **-mpa-** or **-mma-**
- Superlatives use the stems **-impa-** or **-imma-**

{{item:960541}}

{{item:960546}}

Gradation of participles (-mpi, -in)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
the technology	teknologia
revolutionary	mullistava
This technology is more revolutionary than the previous one.	Tämä teknologia on mullistavampi kuin aiempi.
the module	moduuli
the component	komponentti
Is this module more durable than that other component?	Onko tämä moduuli kestävämpi kuin tuo toinen komponentti?
the simulation	simulaatio
This is the most demanding simulation, for it tests everything.	Tämä on vaativin simulaatio, sillä se testaa kaiken.
pioneering	uraauurtava
Who is the most pioneering designer in this project?	Kuka on uraauurtavin suunnittelija tässä projektissa?
the innovation	innovaatio
They found the most revolutionary innovation in space.	He löysivät avaruudesta mullistavimman innovaation.
experienced	kokenut
Are you more experienced than the other designer?	Oletko kokeneempi kuin toinen suunnittelija?
We need a more advanced component for the rocket's engine.	Tarvitsemme raketin moottoriin kehittyneemmän komponentin.
the prototype	prototyyppi
The new prototype is more advanced than the old one.	Uusi prototyyppi on kehittyneempi kuin vanha.
He is the most experienced engineer in the group.	Hän on ryhmän kokenein insinööri.
This is the most advanced technology that we have created.	Tämä on kehittynein teknologia, jonka olemme luoneet.
This innovation made the prototype the most advanced.	Tämä innovaatio teki prototyypin kehittyneimmäksi.
He's the most experienced designer, and he made this module.	Se on kokenein suunnittelija, ja se on tehny tän moduulin.
This more pioneering simulation is completely unreal.	Tämä uraauurtavampi simulaatio on täysin epätodellinen.
the test flight	koelento
The next test flight is more demanding than the earlier ones.	Seuraava koelento on aiempia vaativampi.
The most experienced pilot probably leads this test flight.	Kokenein lentäjä taitaa johtaa tätä koelentoa.
the design	suunnittelu
The most advanced technology is necessary in the design of the spacecraft.	Kehittynein teknologia on välttämätöntä avaruusaluksen suunnittelussa.
This new engine is more advanced than the earlier one, for its design took a long time.	Tämä uusi moottori on aiempaa kehittyneempi, sillä sen suunnittelu kesti kauan.
the weightlessness	painottomuus
The crew was on the verge of giving up, because weightlessness is the most demanding condition in space.	Miehistö oli vähällä luovuttaa, koska painottomuus on vaativin olosuhde avaruudessa.
The more experienced group tolerated weightlessness better than we expected.	Kokeneempi ryhmä sieti painottomuutta paremmin kuin odotimme.