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Finnish

### Considering with *pitää*

The verb *pitää* has many meanings in Finnish (such as "to like" or "to have to"), but it can also mean "to consider" or "to regard as". 

When using *pitää* to express your opinion about something, the sentence follows a specific pattern. The thing you are evaluating takes the **partitive case**, and the quality or description you assign to it takes the **essive case** (ending in **-na** or **-nä**).

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This structure works whether you are describing the object with an adjective or a noun.

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### Assuming with *luulla*

The verb *luulla* means "to think", "to suppose", or "to assume". It is often used when you assume something to be true, especially if that assumption turns out to be wrong.

When describing what you assume someone or something to be, the object being evaluated is again in the **partitive case**. However, the assumed quality or identity takes the **translative case** (ending in **-ksi**).

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You will often see *luulla* used to talk about past misconceptions, contrasting what you used to think with what you know now.

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Expressing opinions (pitää, luulla)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
to consider (as)	pitää
invention	keksintö
ingenious	nerokas
I consider this invention ingenious.	Minä pidän tätä keksintöä nerokkaana.
genius	nero
swindler	huijari
I thought he was a genius, but I know now that he is a swindler.	Luulin häntä neroksi, mutta nyt tiedän, että hän on huijari.
possible	mahdollinen
Do you consider it possible?	Pidätkö sitä mahdollisena?
unfair	epäreilu
We consider that decision unfair.	Me pidetään tota päätöstä epäreiluna.
harmless	vaaraton
I thought the dog was harmless, and I gave it food.	Luulin koiraa vaarattomaksi ja annoin sille ruokaa.
threat	uhka
The expert considers the problem a threat.	Asiantuntija pitää ongelmaa uhkana.
success	menestys
I considered the party a great success.	Pidin juhlaa suurena menestyksenä.
He thought this man was a swindler.	Hän luuli tätä miestä huijariksi.
fair (just)	reilu
The teacher considers the rule fair.	Opettaja pitää sääntöä reiluna.
I thought the idea was ingenious, but it was bad.	Luulin ideaa nerokkaaksi, mutta se oli huono.
We thought that invention was harmless.	Me luultiin tota keksintöä vaarattomaksi.
I believe that the expert considers the situation a threat.	Uskon, että asiantuntija pitää tilannetta uhkana.
Do you think that man is a genius?	Luuletko tuota miestä neroksi?
He considered the company a success and invested in it.	Hän piti yritystä menestyksenä ja sijoitti siihen.
I do not consider this decision possible.	En pidä tätä päätöstä mahdollisena.
Do you consider the rule fair or unfair?	Pidätkö sääntöä reiluna vai epäreiluna?
claim, assertion	väite
The fraudster's claim is unfair.	Huijarin väite on epäreilu.
I think that this claim is possible.	Luulen, että tämä väite on mahdollinen.
to imagine	kuvitella
Imagine a brilliant invention!	Kuvittele nerokas keksintö!
I did not imagine this success.	En kuvitellut tätä menestystä.
to will (emphatic want)	tahtoa
The genius wants to make a new invention.	Nero tahtoo tehdä uuden keksinnön.
You always want more.	Sinä tahdot aina enemmän.

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