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Finnish

### Creating Adjectives with "-llinen"

Finnish has a productive suffix for turning nouns into adjectives: **-llinen**. It works much like the English suffixes "-al", "-ic", or "-ly". 

To form the adjective, attach **-llinen** to the noun's inflectional stem. This is the same base you use for the genitive case, meaning the noun will undergo consonant gradation if applicable. 

For example, *kansa* (nation) simply becomes *kansallinen* (national).

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For nouns ending in *-e* (like *tiede*, science), the stem ends in *-ee-*. Remember to apply consonant gradation (here, the weak *d* strengthens to *t*), giving us *tieteellinen* (scientific).

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### Society and Nature

The word for society, *yhteiskunta*, weakens its *nt* to *nn* in the stem, producing *yhteiskunnallinen* (societal). Likewise, *luonto* (nature) undergoes the same *nt* to *nn* change to become *luonnollinen* (natural).

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### Spoken and Written Rules

You will frequently see **-llinen** used for methods of communication and legal concepts. From basic nouns, we get essential adjectives:
- *kirja* (book) -> *kirjallinen* (written)
- *suu* (mouth) -> *suullinen* (oral)
- *laki* (law) -> *laillinen* (legal)

{{item:918310}}

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### Arts and Language

Finally, you can describe creative or linguistic qualities using the exact same pattern. Notice how the words for art (*taide*) and language (*kieli*) use their inflectional stems (*taitee-* and *kiele-*) before adding the suffix.

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Adjective endings (-llinen)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
nation	kansa
national	kansallinen
The nation's opinion is a national secret.	Kansan mielipide on kansallinen salaisuus.
science	tiede
societal	yhteiskunnallinen
Science is a societal matter.	Tiede on yhteiskunnallinen asia.
scientific	tieteellinen
We read a new scientific article.	Me luimme uuden tieteellisen artikkelin.
natural	luonnollinen
This is a natural material.	Tämä on luonnollinen materiaali.
The nation is glad when society works.	Kansa on iloinen, kun yhteiskunta toimii.
This is a big societal problem.	Tämä on iso yhteiskunnallinen ongelma.
Science studies societal matters.	Tiede tutkii yhteiskunnallisia asioita.
written	kirjallinen
The student returned the written assignment.	Opiskelija palautti kirjallisen tehtävän.
oral	suullinen
Is the exam oral or written?	Onko tentti suullinen vai kirjallinen?
legal	laillinen
An oral agreement is also legal.	Myös suullinen sopimus on laillinen.
artistic	taiteellinen
An artistic profession is often difficult.	Taiteellinen ammatti on usein vaikea.
The picture is artistic, but completely natural.	Kuva on taiteellinen, mutta täysin luonnollinen.
linguistic	kielellinen
A scientific text can be a linguistic problem.	Tieteellinen teksti voi olla kielellinen ongelma.
The child's linguistic skill grows quickly.	Lapsen kielellinen taito kasvaa nopeasti.
Is this national decision legal?	Onko tämä kansallinen päätös laillinen?
I would buy that weapon, if it were legal.	Mä ostais ton aseen, jos se ois laillinen.