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Dutch 2

Dutch uses the same alphabet as English.
	The letters a, e, i, o and u are called vowels.
	All other letters are called consonants.



	Most verbs in Dutch end in en.
	In the table below you can see the infinitive forms of some verbs.


<table class="ui fixed celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>English</th>
 <th>Dutch</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
		<tr data-item="207575"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207576"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207577"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207579"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207580"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207574"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207578"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207581"></tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	Syllables are separated between the consonants when there are two consonants in a row,
	and before the consonant if there is a single consonant.
	In the list below, the accent marks the stressed syllable and hyphens are used to separate the words into syllables.


<ul>
	<li>é-ten</li>
	<li>slá-pen</li>
	<li>prá-ten</li>
	<li>kó-pen</li>
	<li>ver-kó-pen</li>
	<li>drín-ken</li>
	<li>kén-nen</li>
	<li>bák-ken</li>
</ul>


	Syllables that end in a vowel are called open syllables,
	and syllables that end in a consonant are called closed syllables.
	Vowels in open syllables are pronounced as long vowels,
	and vowels in closed syllables are pronounced as short vowels.



	Compare the pronunciation of praten with that of bakken in the table above,
	to hear the difference between a long a and a short a,
	and also compare the pronunciation of eten and kennen
	to hear the difference between a long e and a short e.



	Note that though the word kennen contains two short e vowels, their pronunciation is not similar.
	This is because the first e is in a stressed syllable, whereas the second e is not.

Short and long vowels

In the table below, you can see the first Dutch verbs you will learn.


<table class="ui fixed celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>English</th>
 <th>Dutch</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
		<tr data-item="207574"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207582"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207578"></tr>
		<tr data-item="207581"></tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	The verbs above are presented in the infinitive form,
	and if we want to combine them with personal pronouns in order to make sentences,
	we will need to conjugate them.


<table class="ui fixed celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Infinitive</th>
 <th>Stem</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>drinken</td>
			<td>drink</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wachten</td>
			<td>wacht</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>kennen</td>
			<td>ken</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bakken</td>
			<td>bak</td>
		</tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	Conjugating a verb simply means to change its shape, and in order to do this,
	we first create the stem form by cutting off the en at the end,
	and if we end up with the same letter twice, we'll also cut off one of them.



	Now we know how to obtain the stem of a verb, we can use it in our conjugation rules for different persons.


<table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Person</th>
 <th>Rule</th>
			<th></th>
			<th></th>
			<th></th>
			<th></th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ik</td>
			<td>stem</td>
			<td>ik drink I drink</td>
			<td>ik wacht I wait</td>
			<td>ik ken I know</td>
			<td>ik bak I bake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>jij</td>
			<td>stem + t</td>
			<td>jij drinkt you drink</td>
			<td>jij wacht you wait</td>
			<td>jij kent you know</td>
			<td>jij bakt you bake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hij/zij/het</td>
			<td>stem + t</td>
			<td>hij drinkt he drinks</td>
			<td>zij wacht she waits</td>
			<td>hij kent he knows</td>
			<td>zij bakt she knows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wij/jullie/zij</td>
			<td>infinitive</td>
			<td>wij drinken we drink</td>
			<td>jullie wachten you wait</td>
			<td>zij kennen they know</td>
			<td>zij bakken they bake</td>
		</tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	Note that for the second person singular, jij,
	we don't add a t after the stem if the stem already ends in a t.

Verbs

Personal pronouns and verb conjugation

Question	Answer
to talk	praten
to sell	verkopen
to eat	eten
to sleep	slapen
to buy	kopen

Dutch 2 3 - Short and long vowels

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