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Danish

### Participles as nouns

In English, we can use past participles to describe groups of people, like "the injured" or "the employed". Danish does this too, but takes it a step further: you can use these words as regular nouns to refer to individuals as well, such as "an injured person" or "an employee".

To use a participle as a noun representing a person:
- **Indefinite singular** ("a/an"): Use the base form of the participle (e.g., *en ansat*).
- **Definite singular** and **Plurals**: Add **-e** to the participle. Because it acts like an adjective, use the standalone definite articles *den* (singular) or *de* (plural) to say "the".

Spelling patterns for adding **-e**:
- **Standard:** Add **-e** (e.g., *indlagt* -> *indlagte*, *ansat* -> *ansatte*).
- **Words ending in -et:** Change **-t** to **-de** (e.g., *såret* -> *sårede*).
- **Strong verbs ending in -et:** Change **-et** to **-ne** (e.g., *udskrevet* -> *udskrevne*).

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### People on the ward

This grammar pattern is heavily used in medical, legal, and professional contexts to categorize specific groups of people. 

Notice how the articles *den* and *de* immediately signal whether we are talking about one specific person or an entire group sharing that state.

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Past participles as nouns

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite nouns and the copula (-en, -et, er)

Indefinite articles (en, et)

Present tense verbs and word order (-r)

Plural subject pronouns (vi, I, de)

The verb to have (har)

Yes/No questions

Wh-questions (hvad, hvem, hvor)

Main clause negation (ikke)

Regular noun plurals (-er, -r)

Short noun plurals (-e)

Definite plurals (-ne)

Neuter adjective agreement (-t)

Plural adjective agreement (-e)

Adjectives with indefinite nouns

Adjectives with definite nouns (den / det / de ... -e)

Numbers 1 to 10

Numbers 11 to 20

Counting by tens to 100

Expressing age (er ... år)

Genitive possession (-s)

Singular possessives (min, din)

Third-person possessives (hans, hendes)

Plural possessives (vores, jeres, deres)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sit, sine)

Singular object pronouns (mig, dig)

Plural object pronouns (os, jer, dem)

The infinitive marker (at)

The modal verb can (kan)

The modal verb want to (vil)

The modal verb must (skal)

Negating modal verbs

Inversion after adverbs

Prepositions of position (i, på)

Prepositions of direction (til, fra)

Days of the week (mandag, tirsdag...)

Months of the year (januar, februar...)

Telling time (hel, halv, kvart)

Coordinating conjunctions (og, men, eller)

Subordinating conjunctions (at, fordi)

Subordinate clause negation

Commands (køb, vent, spis)

Zero-ending neuter plurals

The Human Body: Head and Face

The Human Body: Limbs and Torso

Personal Hygiene

Digital Life

Tools and Hardware

Emergency and Safety

Common Materials

Money and Payments

Short answers (Ja, det gør jeg)

Greetings (hej, godmorgen, farvel)

Thanks and apologies (tak, undskyld)

Jobs and nationalities (Hun er lærer)

Likes and dislikes (kan godt lide)

Somebody and something (nogen, noget, ingen)

How much? (meget, lidt, mere, nok)

With, by, over and under (med, ved, over, under)

Ordinals and dates (den første april)

Wishes for every occasion (tillykke, god bedring)

Times of day (om morgenen, om aftenen)

My day (stå op, gå i seng)

Past tense I: -ede and -te (i går)

My new hat (min nye hat, små, gamle)

Past tense II: irregular verbs (var, havde, gik)

Reacting in a conversation (nå, det lyder godt)

The family and irregular plurals (mænd, børn, fødder)

In the shop (Hvad koster det?)

Demonstratives: that and those (den, det, de)

Demonstratives: this and these (denne, dette, disse)

Adverbs of manner (-t)

Comparing things (-ere, end)

Superlative adjectives (-est)

Definite superlative adjectives (-este)

Irregular adjective comparison

Comparing long adjectives (mere, mest)

The reflexive pronoun (sig)

Reflexive verbs

Reciprocal verbs (-s)

Deponent verbs (-s)

Past opinions (syntes)

Present perfect tense with regular verbs (har... -et/-t)

Present perfect tense with irregular verbs (har...)

Present perfect tense with movement (er...)

Past perfect tense (havde / var...)

Question	Answer
the ward / the department	afdelingen
admitted	indlagt
On the ward, there are many admitted patients.	På afdelingen er der mange indlagte.
the wheelchair	kørestolen
The admitted patient is sitting in the wheelchair, right?	Den indlagte sidder i kørestolen, ikke også?
the surgeon	kirurgen
injured	såret
The surgeon is helping the injured now.	Kirurgen hjælper de sårede nu.
employed	ansat
The injured person spoke with an employee at the hospital.	Den sårede talte med en ansat på hospitalet.
infected	smittet
The employees work here, while the infected lie in bed.	De ansatte arbejder her mens de smittede ligger i sengen.
The infected must not walk out of the ward.	De smittede må ikke gå ud af afdelingen.
discharged	udskrevet
newborn	nyfødt
The discharged patients go home together with the newborn.	De udskrevne tager hjem sammen med den nyfødte.
A crying newborn makes the employees nervous.	En grædende nyfødt gør de ansatte nervøse.
cured	helbredt
The surgeon smiles because the cured go home.	Kirurgen smiler fordi de helbredte går hjem.
Both the cured and the discharged feel happy.	Både de helbredte og de udskrevne føler sig glade.
The injured person ought not to get up from the wheelchair.	Den sårede bør ikke rejse sig fra kørestolen.