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Defective roots end in a weak letter (و or ي). When creating verbal nouns (masdars) for derived forms of these roots, the standard patterns adjust slightly.

### Form II

For Form II verbs, the standard verbal noun pattern is تفعيل. For defective roots, this changes to تفعلة, dropping the long ي and adding a *taa marbuta* (ة) at the end. 

For example, the verb سمى (to name) forms the verbal noun تسمية (naming). The verb ضحى (to sacrifice) forms تضحية (sacrifice).

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### Form III

The standard verbal noun pattern for Form III is مفاعلة. When the root is defective, the final weak letter becomes a regular *alif* (ا) before the *taa marbuta* (ة), resulting in the ending اة.

For example, the verb نادى (to call) forms the verbal noun مناداة (calling).

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### Form IV

The standard verbal noun pattern for Form IV is إفعال. When the root is defective, the final weak letter becomes a *hamza* (ء) on the line, creating the ending اء.

For example, the verb أهدى (to gift) forms إهداء (gifting), and the verb أعطى (to give) forms إعطاء (giving).

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Verbal nouns of defective roots

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
to name	سمىsammâ
They named the child after his grandfather.	سموا الطفل على اسم جده.sammawu t-tifla alâ smi jaddihi
Did you name the new project?	هل سميتم المشروع الجديد؟hal sammaytumu-l-mashrûa-l-jadîd?
naming	تسميةtasmiya
Naming the streets is a very important thing.	تسمية الشوارع شيء مهم جدا.tasmiyatu ash-shawâri'i shay'un muhimmun jiddan
Naming the new baby was very easy.	كانت تسمية الطفل الجديد سهلة جدا.kânat tasmiyatu t-tifli l-jadîdi sahlatan jiddan
to sacrifice	ضحى بdahhâ bi
The doctors sacrificed their time for the patients.	ضحى الأطباء بوقتهم للمرضى.dahha al-atibba'u biwaqtihim lilmarda.
We sacrificed a lot of money.	ضحينا بمال كثير.dhahhaynâ bimâlin kathîr
sacrifice	تضحيةtadhiya
This is a great sacrifice for the team.	هذه تضحية عظيمة للفريق.hâdhihi tadh'hiyatun 'azîmatun lilfarîq
We thank you for this big sacrifice.	نشكرك على هذه التضحية الكبيرة.nashkuruka 'alâ hâdhihi t-tadhiyati l-kabîra
to call (out to, summon)	نادىnâdâ
The girl called her mother.	نادت البنت أمها.nâdati l-bintu ummahâ.
Why did you call the waiter a lot?	لماذا ناديتم النادل كثيرا؟limâdhâ nâdaytumu n-nâdila kathîran?
calling	مناداةmunâdâh
They heard the calling of the poor man.	سمعوا مناداة الرجل الفقير.sami'oo munâdâta r-rajuli l-faqeer
Calling the manager now is impossible.	مناداة المدير الآن مستحيلة.munâdâtu al-mudîri al-âna mustaHîlah
to gift	أهدىahdâ
The writer gifted his book to his daughter.	أهدى الكاتب كتابه لابنته.ahdâ al-kâtibu kitâbahu li-ibnatihi
Fatima gifted a flower to her friend.	أهدت فاطمة زهرة لصديقتها.ahdat fâtimatu zahratan lisadîqatihâ
gifting	إهداءihdâ'
Gifting the book to the family is very beautiful.	إهداء الكتاب للعائلة جميل جدا.ihdâ'u al-kitâbi lil-'â'ilati jamîlun jiddan
giving	إعطاءi'tâ'
Giving money is better than gifting clothes.	إعطاء المال أفضل من إهداء الملابس.i'tâ'u al-mâli afdalu min ihdâ'i al-malâbisi
Giving the poor money is a charitable act.	إعطاء الفقراء مالا عمل خيري.itâ'u al-fuqarâ'i mâlan amalun khayriyyun
Is giving medicine to the patient difficult?	هل إعطاء الدواء للمريض صعب؟hal i'tâ'u ad-dawâ'i lil-marîdi sa'b?