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In English, we use "each other" or "one another" to describe a mutual action within a group. In Arabic, you express this reciprocal relationship by repeating the word بعض (some).

### The Reciprocal Structure

The Arabic phrase for "each other" is built in two parts:
- The word بعض attached to a pronoun that matches the subject (such as "us" or "them").
- The word بعضا, which follows immediately after and stays fixed in the accusative case.

Literally, this translates to saying that "some" of the group performed the action to "some" (the rest) of the group.

### Using "Each Other" with "We"

When the subject is "we" (نحن) or when you are part of the group performing the action, you attach the pronoun نا to the first word. This gives you the phrase بعضنا بعضا.

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### Using "Each Other" with "They"

When the subject is "they" (هم) or a plural noun like "the players", you attach the pronoun هم to the first word. The phrase becomes بعضهم بعضا.

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### Group Dynamics and Mutual Actions

This reciprocal phrasing pairs perfectly with verbs describing collaboration, conflict, or social interactions—such as competing, hugging, or praising. Notice how the structure remains exactly the same, regardless of the verb being used:

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Reciprocal expressions (بعض... بعضاً)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
partnership	شراكةsharâka
each other (reciprocal)	بعضba'd
each other / one another (accusative)	بعضاba'dan
In this partnership, we help each other.	في هذه الشراكة، نحن نساعد بعضنا بعضا.fî hâdhihi ash-sharâkati, naĥnu nusâ'idu ba'đunâ ba'đan.
to encourage	شجعshajja'a
The players always encourage each other.	اللاعبون يشجعون بعضهم بعضا دائما.allâ'ibûna yushajji'ûna ba'duhum ba'dan dâ'iman
to hate	كرهkariha
We hate this partnership, but we help each other.	نحن نكره هذه الشراكة، لكننا نساعد بعضنا بعضا.naḥnu nakrahu hâdhihi ash-sharâkata, lâkinnanâ nusâ'idu ba'ḍunâ ba'ḍan.
to shake hands with	صافحsâfaḥa
The players shook hands with each other after the match.	صافح اللاعبون بعضهم بعضا بعد المباراة.sâfaha l-lâ'ibûna ba'duhum ba'dan ba'da l-mubârâti
to compete with	نافسnâfasa
We do not compete with each other because we are in a partnership.	نحن لا ننافس بعضنا بعضا لأننا في شراكة.nahnu la nunafisu baduna badan li'annana fi shiraka.
affection / love	محبةmahabba
to advise	نصحnasaha
It is out of affection that we advise each other.	من المحبة أن ننصح بعضنا بعضا.mina al-mahabbati an nansaha ba'duna ba'dan
to praise	مدحmadaha
Do friends praise each other?	هل يمدح الأصدقاء بعضهم بعضا؟hal yamdahu al-asdiqâ'u ba'duhum ba'dan?
to hug	عانق'ânaqa
The friends hugged each other with affection.	عانق الأصدقاء بعضهم بعضا بمحبة.'aanaqa al-asdiqaa'u ba'duhum ba'dan bimahabbah
The players who competed with each other are friends.	اللاعبون الذين نافسوا بعضهم بعضا هم أصدقاء.al-laa'iboona al-ladheena naafasoo ba'duhum ba'dan hum asdiqaa'
We advised each other before we traveled.	نصحنا بعضنا بعضا قبل أن نسافر.nasahnâ ba'dunâ ba'dan qabla an nusâfira.
We encouraged each other and praised each other.	شجعنا بعضنا بعضا ومدحنا بعضنا بعضا.shajja'nâ ba'duna ba'dan wa madaḥnâ ba'duna ba'dan
The players shook hands with each other and hugged each other.	صافح اللاعبون بعضهم بعضا وعانقوا بعضهم بعضا.sâfaha al-lâ'ibûna ba'duhum ba'dan wa 'ânaqû ba'duhum ba'dan.
The employees hated each other for a political reason.	كره الموظفون بعضهم بعضا لسبب سياسي.kariha al-muwaẓẓafûna ba'ḍuhum ba'ḍan lisababin siyâsiyy