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### Through, via, according to

These prepositions are two words with one meaning. Like في or على, they are followed by a noun in the genitive or by an attached pronoun.

| preposition | meaning |
|---|---|
| من خلال | through, by means of |
| عن طريق | by way of, via |
| حسب | according to |
| من حيث | in terms of |
| من بين | among, from among |

**{{item:1152654}}** is *through*: a window, or a person who helped. **{{item:1152657}}** names the route or the channel: a road, the internet, a card.

{{item:1152655}}

{{item:1152658}}

**{{item:1152661}}**, said حَسَبَ, gives the source of what you say.

{{item:1152662}}

### For and against, in terms of, among

**{{item:1152664}}** *against* is the opposite of مع *for, with*, and takes a pronoun like any preposition: ضدها.

{{item:1152665}}

**{{item:1152667}}** judges a thing in one respect; **{{item:1152670}}** picks one out of a group.

{{item:1152668}}

{{item:1152672}}

### Without: بلا

**{{item:1152673}}** is ب + لا, written as one word, and it works like English *-less*: it goes straight before a bare noun, without ال. بدون means the same.

{{item:1152674}}

### Along, up and down

**{{item:1152676}}** + a noun is *along*. **{{item:1152679}}** and **{{item:1152682}}** stand on their own: *at the top* and *at the bottom*, or in a building *upstairs* and *downstairs*. To say *above* or *below* something, use فوق and تحت.

{{item:1152677}}

{{item:1152685}}

Prepositions of means and relation (من خلال، عن طريق، حسب، ضد)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
through, by means of	من خلالmin khilâli
We saw the mountain through the window.	رأينا الجبل من خلال النافذة.ra'aynâ al-jabala min khilâli an-nâfidha
We heard about the hotel through a friend.	سمعنا عن الفندق من خلال صديق.sami'nâ 'ani l-funduqi min khilâli sadîq.
by way of, via	عن طريقan tareeqi
We booked the room via the internet.	حجزنا الغرفة عن طريق الإنترنت.hajaznâ al-ghurfata 'an tarîqi al-internet
We arrived at the hotel by way of the village.	وصلنا إلى الفندق عن طريق القرية.wasalnâ ilâ al-funduqi 'an tarîqi al-qaryati
I paid via the card.	دفعت عن طريق البطاقة.dafa'tu 'an tarîqi l-bitâqah
according to	حسبhasaba
According to the map, the hotel is near the river.	حسب الخريطة، الفندق قريب من النهر.hasaba al-kharîtati, al-funduqu qarîbun mina an-nahri
According to the employee, the restaurant is closed today.	حسب الموظف، المطعم مغلق اليوم.hasaba al-muwazzafi, al-mat'amu mughlaqun al-yawma.
against	ضدdidd
Are you with the idea or against it?	أأنت مع الفكرة أم ضدها؟a'anta ma'a al-fikrati am diddahâ?
The hotel team played against the village team.	لعب فريق الفندق ضد فريق القرية.la'iba fariqul-funduqi didda fariqil-qaryati
in terms of	من حيثmin haythu
The hotel is good in terms of the price.	الفندق جيد من حيث السعر.al-funduqu jayyidun min haythu as-si'ri.
The room is small, but it is beautiful in terms of the view.	الغرفة صغيرة، لكنها جميلة من حيث المنظر.al-ghurfatu saghiratun, lakinnaha jamilatun min haythu al-manzhar
among, from among	من بينmin bayni
We chose a room from among ten rooms.	اخترنا غرفة من بين عشر غرف.ikhtarnâ ghurfatan min bayni 'ashri ghurafin.
Among the guests was a doctor.	كان من بين الضيوف طبيب.kâna min bayni ad-duyûfi tabîbun.
without, -less (as in sugarless)	بلاbilâ
I drink coffee without sugar.	أشرب القهوة بلا سكر.ashrabu al-qahwata bilâ sukkarin
We went out to the mountain without a map.	خرجنا إلى الجبل بلا خريطة.kharajnâ ilâ al-jabali bilâ kharîtah
along	على طول'alâ tûli
We walked along the river.	مشينا على طول النهر.mashaynâ 'alâ tûli n-nahr
There are trees along the road.	هناك أشجار على طول الطريق.hunâka ashjârun 'alâ tûli ttarîq.
at the top, upstairs	في الأعلىfi al-a'lâ
Our room is upstairs.	غرفتنا في الأعلى.ghurfatunâ fil a'lâ.
The castle is at the top, and the view from there is wonderful.	القلعة في الأعلى، والمنظر من هناك رائع.al-qal'atu fi al-a'lâ, wal-manzaru min hunâka râ'i'
at the bottom, downstairs	في الأسفلfil asfal
The restaurant is downstairs.	المطعم في الأسفل.almat'amu fi al-asfal.
Wait for me downstairs, please.	انتظرني في الأسفل من فضلك.intazirnî fil-asfali min fadlik.
The village is at the bottom, and the hotel is at the top.	القرية في الأسفل، والفندق في الأعلى.al-qaryatu fi al-asfali, wal-funduqu fi al-a'lâ.

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