Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### The Master Perfumer

Perfumery is a delicate craft that requires a true expert. When you want to emphasize that someone performed an action personally, or to emphasize a specific location or object (like "the expert himself" or "the factory itself"), you can add the word نفسه (himself/itself for masculine nouns) or نفسها (herself/itself for feminine nouns) directly after the noun.

{{item:1148590}}

{{item:1148596}}

### Distillation and Extraction

When crafting a fragrance, an artisan might rely on traditional methods like steam distillation, or they might try a process "without" (بدون) certain machinery.

When talking about perfumes entering the market, you will often use the passive verb "is sold". Use يُباع for masculine items and تُباع for feminine items.

{{item:1148592}}

{{item:1148607}}

### Perfecting the Formula

As you mix essential oils to create a new formula, you might express hopes about the outcome. To say "I wish" or "if only" in Arabic, use the particle ليت at the beginning of the sentence.

{{item:1148598}}

{{item:1148601}}

### Bottling the Signature Scent

Finally, a newly invented signature scent needs the perfect small vial before its fragrance can be shared with the world.

{{item:1148614}}

{{item:1148616}}

Perfumery and Fragrance

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
expert	خبيرkhabîr
distillation	تقطيرtaqtîr
The expert himself started the distillation of the water and the rose.	بدأ الخبير نفسه تقطير الماء والورد.bada'a al-khabîru nafsuhu taqtîra al-mâ'i wa-l-wardi
distinctive	مميزmumayyaz
The signature perfume is sold without distillation.	يباع العطر المميز بدون تقطير.yubâ'u al-'itru al-mumayyazu bidûni taqtîrin
essence	خلاصةkhulâsa
steam	بخارbukhâr
The expert (f) extracted the essence with the steam without a machine.	استخرجت الخبيرة الخلاصة بالبخار بدون آلة.istakhrajati al-khabîratu al-khulâssata bil-bukhâri bidûni âlatin.
The steam rises in the factory itself.	يرتفع البخار في المصنع نفسه.yartafi'u al-bukhâru fî al-masna'i nafsihi
refreshing	منعشmun'ish
I wish the essence were refreshing!	ليت الخلاصة منعشة!layta al-khulâsata mun'ishah!
formula	تركيبةtarkîba
The expert added the rose essence to the formula itself.	أضاف الخبير خلاصة الورد إلى التركيبة نفسها.adâfa al-khabîru khulâsata al-wardi ilâ at-tarkîbati nafsihâ
I wish this formula were distinctive and new.	ليت هذه التركيبة مميزة وجديدة.layta hâdhihi t-tarkîbata mumayyazatun wa-jadîdatun.
to create, to devise (something new)	ابتكرibtakara
The expert (f) invented a new formula without help.	ابتكرت الخبيرة تركيبة جديدة بدون مساعدة.ibtakarati al-khabîratu tarkîbatan jadîdatan bidûni musâ'adatin
The expert himself mixed the formula in the factory.	مزج الخبير نفسه التركيبة في المصنع.mazaja al-khabîru nafsuhu at-tarkîbata fî al-masnai
The expert (f) makes the perfume in the exhibition.	تصنع الخبيرة العطر في المعرض.tasna'u al-khabiratu al-'itra fi al-ma'ridi
vial	قنينةqinnîna
The distinctive vial is sold in the market.	تباع القنينة المميزة في السوق.tubâ'u al-qinnînatu al-mumayyazatu fî as-sûqi
fragrance	عبير'abeer
I found a small vial without a fragrance.	وجدت قنينة صغيرة بدون عبير.wajadtu qinnînatan saghîratan bidûni 'abîrin
I wish the fragrance were refreshing today!	ليت العبير منعش اليوم!layta al-'abîra mun'ishun al-yawma!
The aroma of jasmine is sold in the factory.	يباع عبير الياسمين في المصنع.yubâ'u 'abîru al-yâsamîni fî al-masna'i
The refreshing fragrance is sold in the shop.	يباع العبير المنعش في المتجر.yubâ'u al-'abîru al-mun'ishu fî al-matjari.
The orange juice is very refreshing.	عصير البرتقال منعش جدا.aseeru al-burtuqali mun'ishun jiddan
She invented a signature perfume for the queen.	ابتكرت عطرا مميزا للملكة.ibtakarat 'itran mumayyazan lil-malikah
This signature perfume is sold in the exhibition.	هذا العطر المميز يباع في المعرض.hâdhâ al-'iṭru al-mumayyazu yubâ'u fî al-ma'riḍi
Did the expert (f) invent this refreshing fragrance?	هل ابتكرت الخبيرة هذا العبير المنعش؟hali ibtakarati al-khabîratu hâdhâ al-'abîra al-mun'isha?
I wish the expert had invented a new formula.	ليت الخبير ابتكر تركيبة جديدة.layta al-khabîra ibtakara tarkîbatan jadîdatan

Contributors