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### Preparing the Ingredients

Every great baked good begins with the right ingredient (مكون). In many recipes, the most essential of these is butter (زبدة).

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### Rising Dough

To bake fresh breads and pastries, you will need yeast (خميرة) to make the dough rise (انتفخ). 

When talking about past outcomes, Arabic uses لولا to mean "if it were not for." You can use it to express how vital an ingredient was to your baking success.

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### Trays and Crusts

When your creation is ready for the oven, you will place your pie (فطيرة) into a baking tray (صينية). If baked well, the pastry will develop a perfect crust (قشرة). 

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### Decorating the Pastries

Finally, it is time to add flavor and make the sweets beautiful. You might choose chocolate (شوكولاتة) or vanilla (فانيليا). To describe the act of adding these final touches, use the verb زين (to decorate).

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Baking & Pastries

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
ingredient / component (part of a device)	مكونmukawwin
butter	زبدةzubda
What are the ingredients? Is butter an important ingredient?	ما المكونات؟ هل الزبدة مكون مهم؟mâ al-mukawwinât? hal az-zubdatu mukawwinun muhimm?
to rise (dough) / to swell	انتفخintafakha
yeast	خميرةkhamîra
The dough did not rise because the yeast is old.	لم ينتفخ العجين لأن الخميرة قديمة.lam yantafikhi al-'ajînu li'anna al-khamîrata qadîmah.
pie	فطيرةfatîra
tray	صينيةsîniyya
Put the pie in the tray, please.	ضع الفطيرة في الصينية من فضلك.da'i al-fatîra fî as-sîniyya min fadlik
crust	قشرةqishra
I like the pie with the delicious crust.	أحب الفطيرة ذات القشرة اللذيذة.uhibbu al-fatîrata dhâta al-qishrati al-ladhîdhati
chocolate	شوكولاتةshokolâta
vanilla	فانيلياfânilyâ
Do you prefer chocolate or vanilla?	هل تفضلين الشوكولاتة أو الفانيليا؟hal tufaddilîna ash-shûkûlâtah aw al-fâniliyâ?
to decorate	زينzayyana
The baker decorated the cake with chocolate.	زين الخباز الكعكة بالشوكولاتة.zayyana al-khabbâzu al-ka'kata bi-ash-shûkûlâtati.
If you had mixed the butter, the pie would have been delicious.	لو خلطت الزبدة، لكانت الفطيرة لذيذة.law khalatta az-zubdata, lakânati l-fateeratu ladhidhatan.
The crust is yellow like the sun.	القشرة صفراء مثل الشمس.al-qishratu safrâ'u mithla ash-shamsi
If it were not for the yeast, the dough would not have risen.	لولا الخميرة، ما انتفخ العجين.lawlâ al-khamîratu, mâ intafakha al-ajînu
You must put the ingredients in the tray.	يجب أن تضعوا المكونات في الصينية.yajibu an tada'û al-mukawwanâti fî as-sîniyyah
Did she add vanilla before she decorated the dessert?	هل أضافت الفانيليا قبل أن تزين الحلوى؟hal adâfati alfâniliyâ qabla an tuzayyina alhalwâ?
Chocolate is a delicious ingredient.	الشوكولاتة مكون لذيذ.ash-shawkûlâtatu mukawwinun ladhîdh.
The butter melted in the tray.	ذابت الزبدة في الصينية.dhâbati az-zubdatu fî as-sîniyyati.
strawberry	فراولةfarâwla
The baker decorated the pie with the strawberries.	زين الخباز الفطيرة بالفراولة.zayyana al-khabbâzu al-fatîrata bil-farâwlati
I love the strawberry cake.	أحب كعكة الفراولة.uhibbu ka'katal-farâwlati.

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