Legal meaning depends on attachment: the reader must identify each defined participant, modal bearer, activating condition, and cross-reference. Specialized vocabulary matters, but grammar determines how the pieces bind.
The public legal text below is excerpted from Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2023 tentang Tata Kelola dan Kelembagaan Perusahaan Asuransi Berbentuk Usaha Bersama, official PDF, Pasal 123 ayat (1)–(5) and Pasal 125. This page is linguistic analysis, not legal advice. The wider constructional system appears in legal syntax and legal register.
Source and normalization note
Wording, capitalization, numbering, cross-references, punctuation, and dan/atau are preserved; only PDF line wrapping was removed. The source already uses contemporary spelling, so no EYD V modernization was required. Pasal 123 ayat (6), Pasal 124, and surrounding provisions are omitted without renumbering the extract.
The regulation defines Usaha Bersama as the shortened term for a member-owned insurance-company legal entity, Anggota as a policyholder in that entity, and RUA as Rapat Umum Anggota Usaha Bersama. Their initial capitals signal defined terms, not ordinary common nouns.
Legal excerpt
Pasal 123
(1) Keuntungan yang diperoleh Usaha Bersama sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 122 ayat (1) dilarang dimanfaatkan selain untuk: a. pembentukan atau penambahan dana cadangan; dan/atau b. dibagikan kepada Anggota.
(2) Pemanfaatan keuntungan Usaha Bersama sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) wajib terlebih dahulu memperoleh rekomendasi dari aktuaris Usaha Bersama dan ditetapkan oleh RUA.
(3) Besarnya pemanfaatan keuntungan yang digunakan untuk pembentukan dana cadangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a wajib ditetapkan dalam Anggaran Dasar.
(4) Anggota yang berhak menerima pemanfaatan keuntungan, wajib memiliki polis asuransi yang masih aktif dari Usaha Bersama dalam periode perhitungan keuntungan.
(5) Pemanfaatan keuntungan untuk setiap Anggota wajib dihitung secara proporsional, wajar, dan berdasarkan perhitungan aktuaris Usaha Bersama dalam periode perhitungan keuntungan.
Pasal 125
Usaha Bersama dilarang membagikan pemanfaatan keuntungan kepada Anggota sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b dalam hal: a. Usaha Bersama tidak memenuhi target tingkat solvabilitas internal dan/atau tingkat likuiditas sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengenai kesehatan keuangan bagi perusahaan asuransi berbentuk badan hukum usaha bersama; atau b. akan menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target tingkat solvabilitas internal dan/atau tingkat likuiditas sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengenai kesehatan keuangan bagi perusahaan asuransi berbentuk badan hukum usaha bersama.
Line-by-line English translation
Keuntungan yang diperoleh Usaha Bersama sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 122 ayat (1) dilarang dimanfaatkan selain untuk:
Profit earned by the Mutual Enterprise as referred to in Article 122 paragraph (1) is prohibited from being used except for:
Pembentukan atau penambahan dana cadangan; dan/atau
The establishment or addition of reserve funds; and/or
Dibagikan kepada Anggota.
Distribution to Members.
Pemanfaatan keuntungan Usaha Bersama sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) wajib terlebih dahulu memperoleh rekomendasi dari aktuaris Usaha Bersama dan ditetapkan oleh RUA.
Use of the Mutual Enterprise's profit as referred to in paragraph (1) must first obtain a recommendation from the Mutual Enterprise's actuary and be determined by the General Meeting of Members.
Besarnya pemanfaatan keuntungan yang digunakan untuk pembentukan dana cadangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a wajib ditetapkan dalam Anggaran Dasar.
The amount of profit to be used to establish reserve funds as referred to in paragraph (1) letter a must be stipulated in the Articles of Association.
Anggota yang berhak menerima pemanfaatan keuntungan, wajib memiliki polis asuransi yang masih aktif dari Usaha Bersama dalam periode perhitungan keuntungan.
A Member entitled to receive a distribution of profit must hold a Mutual Enterprise insurance policy that remains active during the profit-calculation period.
Pemanfaatan keuntungan untuk setiap Anggota wajib dihitung secara proporsional, wajar, dan berdasarkan perhitungan aktuaris Usaha Bersama dalam periode perhitungan keuntungan.
The use of profit for each Member must be calculated proportionally and reasonably and must be based on the Mutual Enterprise actuary's calculation for the profit-calculation period.
Usaha Bersama dilarang membagikan pemanfaatan keuntungan kepada Anggota sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b dalam hal:
The Mutual Enterprise is prohibited from distributing profit to Members as referred to in Article 123 paragraph (1) letter b in the event that:
Usaha Bersama tidak memenuhi target tingkat solvabilitas internal dan/atau tingkat likuiditas sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengenai kesehatan keuangan bagi perusahaan asuransi berbentuk badan hukum usaha bersama; atau
The Mutual Enterprise does not meet the internal solvency-level target and/or liquidity-level target as regulated in the Financial Services Authority Regulation concerning financial soundness for insurance companies constituted as mutual-enterprise legal entities; or
Akan menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target tingkat solvabilitas internal dan/atau tingkat likuiditas sebagaimana diatur dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengenai kesehatan keuangan bagi perusahaan asuransi berbentuk badan hukum usaha bersama.
It would cause the internal solvency-level target and/or liquidity-level target, as regulated in that Financial Services Authority Regulation, not to be achieved.
Initial capitals in the list-item components reflect sentence display here; the source labels the same items a. and b. after a colon.
Numbered legal-grammar notes
1. Defined terms make capitalization legally referential
Within this regulation, Anggota is not any participant or member in ordinary language. Pasal 1 defines it as a policyholder in Usaha Bersama. RUA is likewise not any meeting but the defined organ with specified authority.
Dalam ketentuan ini, “Anggota” merujuk pada pemegang polis yang memenuhi definisi Pasal 1.
In this provision, “Member” refers to a policyholder meeting the definition in Article 1.
RUA menetapkan keputusan hanya dalam batas wewenang yang diberikan oleh peraturan.
The General Meeting of Members makes decisions only within the authority granted by the regulation.
Pasal 123 uses Anggota, while Pasal 1 supplies its legal extension. Reading the common meaning alone is insufficient.
2. Each modal predicate has a different bearer and force
Dilarang establishes a prohibition, wajib a mandatory duty or condition, and berhak a legal entitlement. Their grammatical subjects identify the bearer:
| Text | Bearer | Legal relation |
|---|---|---|
| Keuntungan ... dilarang dimanfaatkan | the regulated use of profit | prohibited except for listed purposes |
| Pemanfaatan ... wajib ... memperoleh | the profit-use process | recommendation and determination required |
| Anggota yang berhak menerima... | qualifying Member | entitlement to receive |
| Anggota ... wajib memiliki... | that same Member | active-policy requirement |
| Usaha Bersama dilarang membagikan... | Mutual Enterprise | conditional distribution ban |
Their force and bearer are part of the rule; loose paraphrases such as should or gets change it.
3. Besides/except creates the permitted-purpose exception
In dilarang dimanfaatkan selain untuk, selain untuk attaches to the prohibited use. The base rule is “profit use is prohibited”; letters a and b delimit the permitted purposes. The list therefore does not prohibit reserve formation or member distribution in themselves.
Dana dilarang digunakan selain untuk kegiatan yang tercantum pada huruf a dan huruf b.
The funds are prohibited from being used except for the activities listed in letters a and b.
Izin tidak dapat dialihkan, kecuali berdasarkan persetujuan tertulis pejabat berwenang.
The permit may not be transferred except on the basis of written approval by the authorized official.
The exception narrows one prohibition. It does not erase later conditions: distribution under letter b must still satisfy Pasal 125.
4. Dan/atau and list punctuation encode combinations
The semicolon after letter a, followed by dan/atau, permits reserve use, distribution, or both, subject to the rest of the regulation. In Pasal 125, the semicolon after letter a and final atau make the two activating conditions alternatives.
Permohonan dapat dilengkapi dengan dokumen elektronik dan/atau dokumen tercetak.
The application may be accompanied by electronic documents and/or printed documents. (legal/administrative)
Izin dicabut jika pemegang izin berhenti berusaha; atau melanggar ketentuan keselamatan.
The permit is revoked if the holder ceases operations or violates safety provisions. (illustrative list scope)
Numbering locates items; connectors and punctuation determine whether they accumulate or alternate.
5. Cross-references form an attachment path
Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b is maximally specific: Article 123 → paragraph (1) → letter b. Sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) is local to the article in which it occurs, whereas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 122 ayat (1) reaches another article.
Kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) berlaku setelah izin diterbitkan.
The obligation referred to in paragraph (2) applies after the permit is issued.
Pengecualian dalam Pasal 8 ayat (3) huruf c tidak berlaku terhadap pemohon baru.
The exception in Article 8 paragraph (3) letter c does not apply to new applicants.
Dropping one level can expand a reference from member distribution to the entire profit-use regime.
6. Conditions in Pasal 125 attach to the prohibition
Dalam hal: introduces the circumstances under which dilarang membagikan applies. The colon opens two alternatives. Letter a covers current failure to meet targets; letter b covers a distribution that would cause future failure.
Pembayaran ditunda dalam hal dokumen pendukung belum dinyatakan lengkap.
Payment is postponed if the supporting documents have not been declared complete.
Larangan berlaku apabila tindakan tersebut akan menyebabkan batas risiko terlampaui.
The prohibition applies if the action would cause the risk limit to be exceeded.
The future marker akan occurs inside the second condition, where it projects the causal consequence being tested.
7. Nested negation does not cancel the prohibition
In letter a, tidak memenuhi negates meeting the target. In letter b, tidak tercapainya is a nominalized nonachievement embedded under menyebabkan. Neither tidak negates dilarang; both describe a condition that activates it.
Pembagian dilarang jika perusahaan tidak memenuhi tingkat likuiditas minimum.
Distribution is prohibited if the company does not meet the minimum liquidity level.
Izin ditolak apabila penerbitannya akan menyebabkan tidak terpenuhinya jarak aman.
A permit is refused if its issuance would cause the safe-distance requirement not to be met.
Scope can be represented compactly as: PROHIBITED [distribution] IF [not meet target] OR IF [cause [not achieve target]].
8. Passives do not uniformly hide agency
Diperoleh, dimanfaatkan, ditetapkan, dihitung, and dibagikan align clauses around profit and regulatory outcomes. Some agents are explicit: ditetapkan oleh RUA. Others are recoverable from defined institutional roles or left implicit because the regulated result is central.
Besaran iuran ditetapkan oleh RUA setelah rekomendasi diterima.
The contribution amount is determined by the General Meeting of Members after the recommendation is received.
Setiap pembagian wajib dihitung berdasarkan laporan yang telah diaudit.
Every distribution must be calculated on the basis of an audited report.
Passive voice is therefore not evidence that a rule lacks a responsible actor. The actor may be named elsewhere, supplied by a defined term, or irrelevant to that particular clause.
Vocabulary glosses
| Legal expression | Meaning here | Scope cue |
|---|---|---|
| sebagaimana dimaksud | as referred to | opens a cross-reference path |
| selain untuk | except for the purpose of | delimits permitted purposes |
| terlebih dahulu | first/prior to that | orders a prerequisite |
| berhak | be legally entitled | assigns a right |
| wajib | be legally required | assigns a duty/condition |
| dilarang | be prohibited | assigns a prohibition |
| dalam hal | in the event that/if | introduces an activating condition |
| tidak tercapainya | the nonachievement of | nominalized negation inside causation |
Plain-language translation preserving legal force
The Mutual Enterprise may use profit only to build or add to its reserves, distribute profit to Members, or do both. Before any use, an actuary must recommend it and the General Meeting of Members must approve it. The Articles of Association must state how much may be used for reserves. A Member may receive a distribution only while holding an active policy during the relevant calculation period, and each Member's amount must be calculated proportionally, reasonably, and on the basis of the actuary's calculation.
Even though distribution is a permitted purpose under Article 123(1)(b), the Mutual Enterprise must not distribute profit if it currently fails its internal solvency or liquidity target, or if making the distribution would cause either target not to be met.
The plain-language version shortens cross-reference formulas but preserves only, must, may receive only, and must not. Weakening those to usually, should, or might would change legal force.
Common Mistakes
1. Translating wajib as advice
❌ Anggota sebaiknya memiliki polis aktif agar memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 123 ayat (4).
Incorrect legal force—sebaiknya expresses recommendation, while the source imposes a requirement.
✅ Anggota wajib memiliki polis aktif agar memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 123 ayat (4).
A Member must hold an active policy to satisfy Article 123 paragraph (4).
2. Weakening dilarang into discouragement
❌ Usaha Bersama kurang dianjurkan membagikan keuntungan ketika target likuiditas tidak terpenuhi.
Incorrect legal force—kurang dianjurkan merely discourages what the provision prohibits.
✅ Usaha Bersama dilarang membagikan keuntungan ketika target likuiditas tidak terpenuhi.
The Mutual Enterprise is prohibited from distributing profit when the liquidity target is not met.
3. Reversing the selain exception
❌ Pasal 123 ayat (1) melarang pembentukan dana cadangan dan pembagian kepada Anggota.
Incorrect scope—those are the listed permitted purposes, not the prohibited purposes.
✅ Pasal 123 ayat (1) melarang pemanfaatan keuntungan untuk tujuan di luar daftar tersebut.
Article 123 paragraph (1) prohibits using profit for purposes outside that list.
4. Dropping a level from the cross-reference
❌ Frasa Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b merujuk pada seluruh kewajiban dalam Pasal 123.
Incorrect—the reference reaches only letter b within paragraph (1).
✅ Frasa Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b merujuk khusus pada pembagian kepada Anggota.
The phrase Article 123 paragraph (1) letter b refers specifically to distribution to Members.
5. Letting inner negation cancel the main prohibition
❌ Karena ada kata tidak, Pasal 125 berarti pembagian tidak dilarang.
Incorrect scope—the negation belongs inside the activating condition.
✅ Jika target tidak terpenuhi, larangan pembagian justru berlaku.
If the target is not met, the distribution prohibition applies.
6. Assuming list numbers determine logical connection by themselves
❌ Huruf a dan huruf b selalu harus dipenuhi bersama karena keduanya berada dalam satu pasal.
Incorrect—connectors such as atau and dan/atau determine the relationship between list items.
✅ Dalam Pasal 125, kata atau membuat salah satu kondisi cukup untuk mengaktifkan larangan.
In Article 125, or makes either condition sufficient to activate the prohibition.
Key Takeaways
- Defined-term capitalization fixes the legally relevant participants.
- Berhak, wajib, and dilarang assign different legal relations to different bearers.
- Selain untuk delimits exceptions; list connectors determine whether options combine or alternate.
- Cross-references must be followed through article, paragraph, and letter levels.
- Negation inside a condition does not automatically negate the main prohibition.
- Passive voice may retain an explicit agent or recover one through the regulation's institutional definitions.
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