γράφω (to write)

Most cards in this group are lists of holes: ξέρω has no aorist, βγαίνω has no passive, γίνομαι has no participle. γράφω is the opposite — the verb where every slot the Greek system offers is filled, which makes it the yardstick the other cards measure their gaps against. See a complete Greek verb once here, and "unlike γράφω, this verb has no…" starts to mean something.

The complete verb, active

SlotForm
Presentγράφω, γράφεις, γράφει, γράφουμε, γράφετε, γράφουν
Imperfectέγραφα, έγραφες, έγραφε, γράφαμε, γράφατε, έγραφαν
Aoristέγραψα — φ + σ collapse to ψ
After θα / ναγράψω
Commandγράψε / γράψτε (one act) · γράφε / γράφετε (keep at it)
Perfect / pluperfectέχω, είχα γράψει
Gerundγράφοντας
Learned participleο γράφων(formal) — "the present writer"

The ψ of έγραψα is not an ending you learn for this verb: it is what a labial (φ, β, π) plus the perfective σ always becomes, worked through on consonant merges in the aorist. The two commands are not free variants either — γράψε asks for one act now, γράφε for a standing practice, the contrast aspect in the imperative is built on.

Σου έγραψα δύο μηνύματα και δεν απάντησες σε κανένα.

su éghrapsa dhío minímata ke dhen apándises se kanéna

I sent you two messages and you didn't answer either one.

Γράψε μου την ώρα σε ένα χαρτί, θα την ξεχάσω.

ghrápse mu tin óra se éna chartí, tha tin ksecháso

Write the time down for me on a bit of paper — I'll forget it.

Γράφε λίγο κάθε μέρα και σε έναν χρόνο θα έχεις βιβλίο.

ghráfe lígho káthe méra ke se énan chróno tha échis vivlío

Write a little every day and in a year you'll have a book.

Ο γράφων δεν συμφωνεί με το πόρισμα της επιτροπής.

o ghráfon dhen simfoní me to pórizma tis epitropís

The present writer does not agree with the committee's findings. (formal, journalistic)

The complete verb, mediopassive

SlotForm
Presentγράφομαι, γράφεσαι, γράφεται, γραφόμαστε, γράφεστε, γράφονται
Imperfectγραφόμουν(α)
Aoristγράφτηκα
After θα / ναγραφτώ
Commandγράψου / γραφτείτε
Perfectέχω γραφτεί (the event) · είμαι γραμμένος (the state)
Participleγραμμένος, -η, -ο — note γραμ-, not ×γραφμένος
Middle participleγραφόμενος (formal) — lives almost entirely as the neuter plural noun τα γραφόμενα, "what someone writes"
Verbal adjectiveγραπτός — γραπτή εξέταση, τα γραπτά

The φ that survives everywhere else vanishes in γραμμένος, swallowed by the -μ- it doubles. It is one of the few places where the participle cannot be read off the aorist stem — γράφτηκε but γραμμένος — set out on the -μένος participle.

Τα ονόματα των νικητών είναι γραμμένα στην πίσω σελίδα.

ta onómata ton nikitón íne ghraména stin píso selídha

The winners' names are written on the back page.

What γράφω does not have — and neither does any Greek verb

The gaps here are the system's, not the verb's — which is why γράφω is the right place to list them.

  • A perfective gerund — does not exist. γράφοντας is imperfective and there is no ×γράψοντας to set against it. Greek fills the gap with έχοντας γράψει — see the gerund in -οντας.
  • A mediopassive gerund — does not exist. No ×γραφόντας. Everyday Greek uses καθώς or ενώ with a finite clause; formal Greek uses the declinable γραφόμενος.
  • An infinitive — does not exist. The invariable γράψει after έχω is all that survives of it, and it cannot stand alone.
  • A negative imperative — does not exist. You cannot put μη in front of γράψε or γράφε; a prohibition switches to μη(ν) + subjunctive: μην γράψεις.
  • A be + -ing progressive — does not exist. No ×είμαι γράφοντας — the plain present already means "I am writing", and θα γράφω carries "will be writing".
💡
Two forms of this verb sound alike and mean opposite things: γράφτηκα "I was written down / I enrolled" and έγραψα "I wrote". The mediopassive puts you on the receiving end of the pen — which is why joining a gym is γράφτηκα στο γυμναστήριο: the gym wrote your name down.

Government

FrameExampleReading
accusative objectΓράφω ένα γράμμα.the thing written
genitive clitic for the addresseeΣου γράφω.I'm writing to you
σε
  • accusative for the addressee
Γράφω στη μητέρα μου.same job, full noun phrase
γράφομαι σε
  • accusative
Γράφτηκα στο πανεπιστήμιο.enrol, sign up
impersonal γράφειΤι γράφει το γράμμα;what does it say?

Watch what the voice does here — the two sentences differ by nothing else:

Έγραψα στο ξενοδοχείο και μου απάντησαν αμέσως.

éghrapsa sto ksenodhochío ke mu apándisan amésos

I wrote to the hotel and they answered straight away.

Γράφτηκα σε μαθήματα ισπανικών και ξεκινάω τη Δευτέρα.

ghráftika se mathímata ispanikón ke ksekináo ti Dheftéra

I've signed up for Spanish classes and I start on Monday.

Τι γράφει το συμβόλαιο για την προκαταβολή;

ti ghráfi to simvóleo ya tin prokatavolí;

What does the contract say about the deposit?

Set phrases

PhraseMeaning
γράφω γράμμα / μήνυμα / μουσικήwrite a letter / a message / music
γράφομαι στο πανεπιστήμιοenrol at university
δεν γράφει το στυλόthe pen won't write
γράφει η κάμεραthe camera is recording
γράφω τεστ / διαγώνισμαsit a test
γράψε λάθος (informal)forget it, count it out
τον έγραψα (informal)I wrote him off, I ignored him
όπως γράφει η εφημερίδαas the paper reports
πώς γράφεται;how is it spelled?

Δεν γράφει το στυλό, δώσε μου ένα μολύβι.

dhen ghráfi to stiló, dhóse mu éna molívi

This pen won't write — pass me a pencil.

Γράψε λάθος, δεν πρόκειται να έρθει.

ghrápse láthos, dhen prókite na érthi

Forget it, he isn't going to come. (informal)

Common Mistakes

Dropping the σε from the "enrol" frame. English I joined the gym takes a plain object, and the object gets carried straight across. γράφομαι never has one — you are the thing being written down, so the place has to arrive with σε.

❌ Γράφτηκα το γυμναστήριο τον Σεπτέμβρη.

Incorrect — γράφομαι takes σε + accusative: Γράφτηκα στο γυμναστήριο.

✅ Γράφτηκα στο γυμναστήριο τον Σεπτέμβρη και πάω κάθε πρωί.

ghráftika sto yimnastírio ton Septémvri ke páo káthe proí

I joined the gym in September and I go every morning.

Key Takeaways

  • The active in full: γράφω · έγραφα · έγραψα · να γράψω · γράψε / γράφε · έχω γράψει · γράφοντας.
  • The mediopassive in full: γράφομαι · γραφόμουν · γράφτηκα · να γραφτώ · έχω γραφτεί · γραμμένος, plus the adjective γραπτός.
  • φ + σ → ψ in everything perfective; the participle alone drops the φ altogether — γραμμένος, never ×γραφμένος.
  • γράφτηκα στο γυμναστήριο is "I joined", not "I was written": the mediopassive of this verb is the enrolment verb.
  • The five things missing here are missing from every Greek verb: no perfective gerund, no mediopassive gerund, no infinitive, no negative imperative form, no be + -ing progressive.

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Related Topics

  • διαβάζω (to read/study)A1Half of this verb's work is not reading at all: Διαβάζω για τις εξετάσεις is how you say you are studying, and σπουδάζω is not a substitute. Card gives the principal parts (διάβασα, no ε-, ζ → σ), the διαβάζω/σπουδάζω/μελετώ triple, the είμαι διαβασμένος idiom, and the frames.
  • βλέπω (to see)A2One verb for see, watch and look at — and three different complements that mean three different things: Τον βλέπω να τρέχει (an event in progress), Τον είδα που έφευγε (a sighting), Βλέπω ότι δεν κατάλαβες (a conclusion, not a sight at all). Plus the full inventory of βλεπ- and δ- forms, and why Greek sees a dream rather than having one.
  • Present Tense: Class Α (-ω)A1The full present of the big regular verb class — γράφω, παίζω, τρέχω, διαβάζω, μένω, θέλω — with its six stem-stressed endings, the -εις vs -ει spelling trap, and the fact that one Greek form covers both 'I write' and 'I am writing'.
  • The Passive Participle -μένοςB1The perfect passive participle in -μένος / -μένη / -μένο seen from the verb's side — how it is built from the passive-perfect stem (γράφω → γραμμένος, κλείνω → κλεισμένος, κουράζω → κουρασμένος), why its stem-final consonant sorts into a handful of patterns, its job as the participle half of the είμαι-perfect passive, and how it names a resulting STATE against the -θηκα aorist that names the EVENT.