Turkish

<p>
	Sentences consist of substructures called <strong>clauses</strong>.
	Clauses are the smallest possible units of language that express a <strong>proposition</strong>.
	In linguistics, a <strong>proposition</strong> is a statement expressing something true or false, or expressing an opinion or a question.
</p>

<p>
	Until now, you have mostly seen sentences consisting of a single clause.
	In this lesson you will be introduced to sentences with two clauses.
	These sentences consist of a <strong>matrix clause</strong> and an <strong>embedded clause</strong>, also known as a <strong>relative clause</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	The sentence <strong>I see the man who is running</strong> contains the following clauses:
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Matrix Clause</th>
            <th>Embedded Clause</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>I see the man who is running</td>
            <td>who is running</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	A <strong>matrix clause</strong> contains an <strong>embedded clause</strong>.
	In sentences with multiple embedded clauses, an embedded clause can at the same time be a matrix clause if it contains an embedded clause itself.
</p>

<p>
	The Turkish language has three suffixes for creating embedded clauses: <strong>-(y)En</strong>, <strong>-(y)EcEk</strong> and <strong>-Dİk</strong>.
	In this lesson, you will learn about the suffix <strong>-(y)En</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	Whereas in English, the verb in the <strong>embedded clause</strong> is inflected according to tense and mood, in Turkish it is not.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Complex Sentences</th>
            <th>Matrix Clause</th>
            <th>Embedded Clause</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Present Continuous</td>
            <td>Koşan adamı görüyorum.<br><span class="subtext">I see the man who is running.</span></td>
            <td>koşan<br><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em">who is running</span></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
			<td>Future</td>
            <td>Koşan adamı göreceğim.<br><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em">I will see the man who will run.</span></td>
            <td>koşan<br><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em">who will run</span></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Simple Past Tense</td>
            <td>Koşan adamı gördüm.<br><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em">I saw the man who ran.</span></td>
            <td>koşan<br><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em">who ran</span></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	In English, the tense of the embedded clause can be different from the tense of the matrix clause.
	For example you can say <strong>I will see the man who ran</strong> or <strong>I saw the man who will run</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	In Turkish, we cannot change the conjugation of the verb in the relative clause.
	Instead, if the tense of the relative clause is not clear from the context,
	in order to convey the tense we use <strong>lexical</strong> means, i.e. we insert words that convey the tense.
</p>

<p>
	For example, we can say <strong>Dün koşan adamı görüyorum</strong>.
	In this sentence, the word <strong>dün</strong> makes clear that the running happened in the past, even though we are seeing the man now.
</p>

Relative Clauses 1: -(y)En

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Word	Saatlerce çalışan doktor yorulmuş.
Meaning	The doctor who has been working for hours got [apparently] tired.
Part of speech	sentence
Pronunciation

to work	çalışmak
doctor	doktor
to be tired	yorulmak
for hours, for hours on end	saatlerce

Turkish

Saatlerce çalışan doktor yorulmuş.

Breakdown of Saatlerce çalışan doktor yorulmuş.

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