Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

<p>
	Turkish has two suffixes that are used for past tense.
	You have already seen <strong>-Dİ</strong>, and in this lesson you will learn about <strong>-mİş</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	In Turkish, we use <strong>-Dİ</strong> for things that we witnessed firsthand, or for things we are absolutely sure happened.
	We use <strong>-mİş</strong> for events that we have not witnessed ourselves, but heard from others.
	For example if one says:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
			<td>Kamil dün kalp krizi geçirdi.</td>
			<td>Kamil had a heart attack yesterday. </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	One would understand from this sentence that the speaker was present when the attack happened, that he saw it with his own eyes.
	However if one says:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Kamil dün kalp krizi geçir<strong>miş</strong>.</td>
			<td>(Apparently) Kamil had a heart attack yesterday.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	One would understand from this sentence that the speaker heard about the attack from someone else.
	Even if we heard it from Kamil himself, we still use the <strong>-mİş</strong> form.
</p>

<p>
	The suffix <strong>-mİş</strong> is also used when making inferences.
	For example, if you see your boss' jacket on the coathanger, you infer that he arrived in the office and you say:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>Patron gel<strong>miş</strong>.</td>
            <td>(Apparently) the boss arrived.</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	To say <strong>Patron geldi</strong> would imply that you actually saw the boss coming in.
	This is the difference between <strong>-Dİ</strong> and <strong>-mİş</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	Now, you may think "Wow, did you all <em>really</em> need a suffix for this differentiation? Like seriously?"
	But beware, this suffix is used a lot, and if you use <strong>-Dİ</strong> where you should use <strong>-mİş</strong>, people will find this strange.
	Unless you are a foreigner of course, since most people will understand your confusion.
	The suffix <strong>-mİş</strong> is especially useful when gossiping, which you of course never do.
</p>

<p>
	When it is used combined with first person, it conveys the meaning that the speaker acted unknowingly, or did something so automatic that it was out of his/her consciousness.
	For example:
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
			<td>Bütün şişeyi iç<strong>miş</strong>im.</td>
            <td>I drank the whole bottle (apparently, without even realizing)</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Here's the chart for the conjugation of evidential past.
</p>

<table class="ui celled definition table">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>Evidential Past Tense</th>
            <th>Singular</th>
            <th>Plural</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td>First person</td>
            <td>-mİş<strong>İm</strong></td>
            <td>-mİş<strong>İz</strong></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Second person</td>
            <td>-mİş<strong>sİn</strong></td>
            <td>-mİş<strong>sİnİz</strong></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Third person</td>
            <td>-mİş</td>
			<td>-mİş<strong>(lEr)</strong></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

The evidential past suffix -mİş

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

phrase

postposition

pronoun

sentence

Unknown

verb

VERB - ablative

VERB - accusative

VERB - auxiliary

VERB - dative

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - locative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - transitive, non-causative

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Question	Answer
to remain	kalmak
[Apparently] There is no tea left at home.	Evde hiç çay kalmamış.
[APPARENTLY] Kamil's closest friend died.	Kamil'in en yakın arkadaşı ölmüş.
last, in the past^{A MEASURE OF TIME}	geçen
to be chosen; to be elected	seçilmek
[Apparently] Last week, the new president of America was elected.	Geçen hafta Amerika'nın yeni başkanı seçilmiş.
resignation	istifa
to resign, to quit^{A JOB}	istifa etmek
I heard that you resigned. [Apparently]	Duydum ki istifa etmişsin.
to faint	bayılmak
[Apparently] I ate a lot of food and I fainted.	Fazla yemek yemişim ve bayılmışım.
[Apparently] We drank all the wine.	Bütün şarabı içmişiz. In this example, you could also say "şarapları" to refer to multiple bottles of wine.
[Apparently] German engineers built this machine.	Bu makineyi Alman mühendisler yapmışlar.

Contributors