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Spanish (Spain)

### Asking about the weather

**El tiempo** means *the time* — and also *the weather*. To ask what the weather is like, use **hacer**: **¿Qué tiempo hace?**

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Before a masculine noun, **bueno** and **malo** lose their **-o**: *buen tiempo*, *mal tiempo*.

### Hace + noun

Most weather is **hace** + a noun. Spanish says *it makes heat*, not *it is hot*:

| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| **hace sol** | it's sunny |
| **hace calor** | it's hot |
| **hace frío** | it's cold |
| **hace viento** | it's windy |

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Add **mucho** for *very*: **hace mucho frío** — never *muy frío* after **hace**.

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### Rain and snow

**Llover** (to rain) and **nevar** (to snow) only exist in the third person singular: **llueve**, **nieva**. For *right now*, use **está** + the gerund.

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### Sun, sea and snow

Good weather means **bañarse** (to swim, to bathe) in the sea; snow means **esquiar** (to ski). **Esquiar** carries an accent on the **í**: *esquío, esquías, esquía*.

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### Maybe

When you are not sure, say **quizá** (maybe) or **es posible** (it is possible):

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What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
the weather	el tiempo
What's the weather like today?	¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?
The weather is good today.	Hoy hace buen tiempo.
The weather is bad in the north.	En el norte hace mal tiempo.
It's cold in the mountains.	Hace frío en la montaña.
In winter it's very cold.	En invierno hace mucho frío.
In summer it's very hot.	En verano hace mucho calor.
the sun	el sol
It's sunny and it's hot.	Hace sol y hace calor.
The sun is very strong today.	El sol es muy fuerte hoy.
the wind	el viento
It's very windy on the beach.	Hace mucho viento en la playa.
The wind is very cold.	El viento es muy frío.
Today it's raining and windy.	Hoy llueve y hace viento.
the air	el aire
The air is very clean here.	El aire está muy limpio aquí.
The city air is dirty.	El aire de la ciudad está sucio.
to snow	nevar
It snows a lot in the north.	Nieva mucho en el norte.
It is snowing today.	Hoy está nevando.
to ski	esquiar
I ski in the mountains.	Esquío en la montaña.
My friends ski in January.	Mis amigos esquían en enero.
to swim (in the sea) / to bathe	bañarse
We swim in the sea.	Nos bañamos en el mar.
It's hot and the children swim in the river.	Hace calor y los niños se bañan en el río.
maybe / perhaps	quizá
Maybe it is cold in the mountains.	Quizá hace frío en la montaña.
Maybe it is raining in the north.	Quizá está lloviendo en el norte.
possible	posible
Is it snowing today? It is possible.	¿Nieva hoy? Es posible.
It is not possible to ski today.	No es posible esquiar hoy.
the snow	la nieve
There is a lot of snow on the mountain.	Hay mucha nieve en la montaña.
In winter we ski in the snow.	En invierno esquiamos en la nieve.
The snow is white and cold.	La nieve es blanca y fría.
The children are playing in the snow.	Los niños están jugando en la nieve.
cloudy	nublado
Today it is cloudy and cold.	Hoy está nublado y hace frío.
In the north it is very cloudy.	En el norte está muy nublado.
Tomorrow it is going to be cloudy.	Mañana va a estar nublado.

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