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### Irregular Commands for Essere and Avere

When you're out in the wilderness, you need to give quick, clear instructions. To tell someone (**tu**) to "be" or "have" something, you must memorize their irregular command forms.

- **essere** (to be) becomes **sii**.
- **avere** (to have) becomes **abbi**.

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### The Short "Apostrophe" Commands

Five extremely common verbs have special, shortened command forms for the **tu** form. They consist of just one syllable followed by an apostrophe. 

| Verb | Command (*Tu*) |
|---|---|
| **andare** (to go) | **va'** (or *vai*) |
| **dare** (to give) | **da'** (or *dai*) |
| **fare** (to do/make) | **fa'** (or *fai*) |
| **stare** (to stay/be) | **sta'** (or *stai*) |
| **dire** (to say/tell) | **di'** |

Use these short forms to snap into action when pitching a tent or encountering wildlife!

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### Surviving the Wilderness

Keep your flashlights ready, and combine these irregular commands to survive a night out in the woods.

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Irregular informal commands (sii, fa', sta')

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (il, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the tent	la tenda
the campsite; the camping	il campeggio
the river	il fiume
Be ready, we are about to prepare the tent near the river.	Sii pronto, stiamo per preparare la tenda vicino al fiume.
If you are sleepy, pay attention to every step!	Se hai sonno, fa' attenzione a ogni passo!
the bear (m)	l'orso
Stay in the tent if you see the bear in the woods!	Sta' nella tenda se vedi l'orso nel bosco!
brave	coraggioso
the danger	il pericolo
Have patience and be brave in danger!	Abbi pazienza e sii coraggioso nel pericolo!
the rope	la corda
the sleeping bag	il sacco a pelo
Give the rope and the sleeping bag to Luca!	Da' la corda e il sacco a pelo a Luca!
the flashlight	la torcia
Go to the river with the flashlight if you are thirsty.	Va' al fiume con la torcia se hai sete.
Take a photo of the wolf with the phone!	Fa' una foto al lupo con il telefono!
Be brave, the bear is about to attack!	Sii coraggioso, l'orso sta per attaccare!
the branch	il ramo
Give the rope to Marco, he is about to fall from the branch!	Da' la corda a Marco, sta per cadere dal ramo!
the fire (element, controlled)	il fuoco
the match (for lighting fires)	il fiammifero
Stay near the fire, the sky is dark.	Sta' vicino al fuoco, il cielo è buio.
Go there and make a fire with this branch!	Va' là e fa' un fuoco con questo ramo!
There is a danger, stay in the sleeping bag and give the flashlight to me!	C'è un pericolo, sta' nel sacco a pelo e da' la torcia a me!
We go camping near the river.	Andiamo in campeggio vicino al fiume.
At the campsite we sleep in a tent.	Al campeggio dormiamo in tenda.
I light the fire with a match.	Accendo il fuoco con un fiammifero.
I have no more matches for the candle.	Non ho più fiammiferi per la candela.

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