Моя донька схожа на мене, а син схожий на батька.

Because схожий changes its form to match the gender of the noun it describes.

• донька is feminine, so you say схожа
• син is masculine, so you say схожий

This is normal adjective agreement in Ukrainian.

Compare:

• Вона схожа на матір. = She looks like her mother.
• Він схожий на діда. = He looks like his grandfather.

Because after схожий / схожа на Ukrainian uses на + accusative.

So the words after на are in the accusative case:

• я → мене
• батько → батька

This is a fixed pattern:

• схожий на когось / щось = to resemble someone / something

So:

• схожа на мене = resembles me
• схожий на батька = resembles father / his father / the father, depending on context

Because Ukrainian often leaves out repeated words if the meaning is already clear.

So:

• Моя донька схожа на мене, а син схожий на батька.

naturally means:

• Моя донька схожа на мене, а мій син схожий на батька.

The second мій is omitted because it is understood from the first clause.

This is very common and natural in Ukrainian.

No. In this sentence, на does not mean a physical position like on.

With схожий, the combination схожий на means:

• similar to
• like
• resembling

So схожий на батька means like his father / resembling his father, not on the father.

Usually схожий на means to resemble or to be like, very often in appearance, but it can sometimes be broader too.

In this sentence, the most natural interpretation is physical resemblance:

• My daughter looks like me, and my son looks like his father.

But in other contexts it can also mean similarity more generally.

For example:

• Він схожий на свого брата. = He looks like his brother.
• Це схоже на правду. = This seems like the truth / This sounds like the truth.

So context matters.

Yes. Донька is a normal standard Ukrainian word meaning daughter.

You may also see дочка, which also means daughter. Both exist, but донька is very common and feels very natural in modern Ukrainian.

So:

• моя донька = my daughter

Because а is a coordinating conjunction, and in this sentence it links two clauses:

• Моя донька схожа на мене
• а син схожий на батька

Here а has a slight contrast or comparison sense, something like:

• while
• and
• whereas

So the comma is required.

Not exactly. А can often be translated as and, but it often has a contrastive flavor, like:

• while
• whereas
• but in a mild sense

Here it compares the daughter and the son:

• My daughter resembles me, while my son resembles his father.

If you used і instead, it would sound more like simple addition. А works better here because the sentence is contrasting two family resemblances.

Yes, absolutely.

Both are correct:

• Моя донька схожа на мене, а син схожий на батька.
• Моя донька схожа на мене, а мій син схожий на батька.

The version without мій is simply a bit more economical and natural because the possessive is already understood.

In this context, it most naturally means the father of the children.

So the sentence is understood as:

• My daughter looks like me, and my son looks like his father.

Ukrainian often does not repeat possessives when they are obvious from context.

If you wanted to make it completely explicit, you could say:

• Моя донька схожа на мене, а син схожий на свого батька.

That is more explicit, but the original sentence is perfectly natural.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible, but the original order is the most neutral and natural.

Original:

• Моя донька схожа на мене, а син схожий на батька.

You could change the order for emphasis, for example:

• На мене схожа моя донька, а на батька — син.

That sounds more emphatic or stylistically marked. For learners, the original sentence is the best basic pattern to remember.

Yes. Another common pattern is подібний до + genitive.

For example:

• Він подібний до батька. = He is similar to his father.

But for family resemblance in everyday speech, схожий на is extremely common and very natural.

So in this sentence, схожа на мене / схожий на батька is exactly what you would expect.