Tebrikler, sınavı geçtin.

Yes. Tebrikler is the standard Turkish way to say congratulations.

The singular noun is tebrik, meaning congratulation or felicitation, but in actual usage Turkish usually says tebrikler when congratulating someone, much like English uses the plural congratulations.

You may also hear:

• Seni tebrik ederim = I congratulate you
• Tebrik ederim = Congratulations / I congratulate you

So tebrikler is natural and common.

Because sınavı has the accusative ending.

• sınav = exam
• sınavı = the exam as a specific direct object

In sınavı geçtin, the exam is a definite thing: you passed the exam. Turkish often marks definite direct objects with an accusative suffix.

So:

• Sınav geçtin would sound wrong here
• Sınavı geçtin is correct

The ending appears as -ı / -i / -u / -ü depending on vowel harmony. Since sınav ends with the vowel a, the correct form here is -ı.

Geçtin means you passed here.

It comes from the verb geçmek, which has several meanings depending on context, including:

• to pass
• to go past
• to cross
• to move on

In the context of an exam, geçmek means to pass.

The form breaks down like this:

• geç- = verb stem
• -ti = past tense
• -n = you singular

So:

• geçtim = I passed
• geçtin = you passed
• geçti = he/she/it passed

Because Turkish usually does not need subject pronouns when the verb already shows who the subject is.

In geçtin, the ending -n already tells us the subject is you singular, so sen is unnecessary.

Turkish often leaves pronouns out unless they are needed for:

• emphasis
• contrast
• clarification

So:

• Sınavı geçtin. = You passed the exam.
• Sen sınavı geçtin. = You passed the exam.
  This can sound more emphatic, like You passed the exam.

Yes, Tebrikler, sınavı geçtin is informal singular, used when speaking to one person you would address as sen.

The verb ending -tin shows second person singular.

For formal or plural you, use:

• Tebrikler, sınavı geçtiniz.

Here:

• geçtin = you passed (informal singular)
• geçtiniz = you passed (formal singular or plural)

So if you are speaking politely to one person, or to several people, geçtiniz is the safer form.

Yes. Turkish word order is flexible, although some orders sound more neutral than others.

Tebrikler, sınavı geçtin is very natural. It starts with the congratulatory expression and then gives the reason.

You could also say:

• Sınavı geçtin, tebrikler.
• Tebrikler! Sınavı geçtin.

The most neutral clause order inside sınavı geçtin is:

• object + verb

That is very common in Turkish.

So:

• sınavı = the exam
• geçtin = you passed

Putting the verb at the end is especially typical in Turkish.

This is because of consonant assimilation.

The Turkish past tense suffix is often taught as -di, but it changes depending on sound. After a voiceless consonant, it becomes -ti.

The verb stem here is geç-, and ç is a voiceless consonant, so:

• geç + di becomes geçti

Then add -n for you:

• geçti + n = geçtin

Compare:

• geldin from gelmek because l is voiced, so the suffix stays -di
• baktın from bakmak because k is voiceless, so it becomes -tı

A few pronunciation points help a lot:

• ı in sınavı is the Turkish dotless i. It is not the same as English ee. It is a more central vowel, somewhat like a relaxed vowel deep in the mouth.
• ç in geçtin is pronounced like ch in chair.
• g in geçtin is a normal hard g sound.
• Stress in Turkish often falls toward the end, but in everyday speech these words are usually said smoothly in context.

A rough guide:

• sınavı ≈ suh-NAH-vuh
• geçtin ≈ GECH-tin

These are only approximations, but they can help at first.

You could, but it is less natural in this exact situation.

Tebrik ederim literally means I congratulate you, and it can sound a bit more formal or explicit.

More natural options are:

• Tebrikler, sınavı geçtin.
• Seni tebrik ederim, sınavı geçtin.
• Sınavı geçtiğin için tebrikler. = Congratulations on passing the exam.

So tebrikler is usually the easiest and most idiomatic choice.

No. Geçmek is a very common Turkish verb with several meanings. Its exact meaning depends on context.

Some common uses:

• sınavı geçmek = to pass the exam
• yoldan geçmek = to pass by on the road
• köprüyü geçmek = to cross the bridge
• süre geçmek = time passes

So in this sentence, the presence of sınavı makes it clear that geçtin means you passed.

The comma separates the congratulatory expression from the statement that follows.

It works a bit like:

• Congratulations, you passed the exam.

In Turkish writing, this punctuation is normal and natural here. You might also see:

• Tebrikler! Sınavı geçtin.

That version feels a little more lively or emotional, but both are correct.