Masadaki kahve soğuyor.

Masadaki is made of three parts:

• masa = table
• -da = in / on / at
• -ki = a suffix that turns that location phrase into something that describes a noun

So:

• masada = on the table / at the table
• masadaki kahve = the coffee that is on the table

A useful way to think about -ki here is: it turns on the table into an adjective-like phrase.

Also, because masa has a back vowel, the locative suffix is -da. With a front vowel, you would often get -deki instead, as in evdeki = the one in the house / the one at home.

It can mean all of those, depending on context.

Turkish uses the locative suffix -da / -de / -ta / -te for general location, and English chooses the most natural preposition when translating.

For example:

• masada = on the table / at the table
• evde = at home / in the house
• okulda = at school

So in masadaki kahve, English naturally says the coffee on the table, even though Turkish is not using a separate word exactly equal to English on.

Because -ki is a suffix attached to the locative form.

So it is not:

• masa da ki

It is:

• masa + da + ki → masadaki

In standard Turkish spelling, this whole form is written together as one word.

Because Turkish often prefers a compact modifier instead of a full relative clause.

English commonly says:

• the coffee on the table
• the coffee that is on the table

Turkish often expresses that idea with location + -ki:

• masadaki kahve

So this is a very normal and natural Turkish structure. It is shorter than a full clause and extremely common in everyday speech.

They are different structures.

• masadaki kahve = the coffee on the table
  Here, masadaki describes which coffee you mean.

• masada kahve = coffee is on the table / there is coffee on the table
  Here, masada tells you the location of kahve rather than forming a modifier.

So in the sentence:

• Masadaki kahve soğuyor

the meaning is specifically the coffee on the table is getting cold, not just there is coffee on the table.

Because Turkish has no definite article like English the.

Whether a noun is understood as:

• coffee
• the coffee
• sometimes even a coffee

depends on context.

In Masadaki kahve soğuyor, the phrase masadaki already helps identify a specific coffee, so English naturally translates it as the coffee on the table.

Soğuyor means is getting cold or is cooling down.

It describes a process happening now, not just a state.

So:

• Kahve soğuyor = The coffee is getting cold.
• Kahve soğuk = The coffee is cold.

That difference is important:

• soğuyor = becoming cold
• soğuk = already cold

The dictionary form is soğumak, which means to get cold / to cool down.

It breaks down like this:

• soğu- = verb stem
• -yor = present continuous suffix
• third person singular has no extra ending here

So:

• soğumak → soğuyor

This is why the sentence does not need a separate word for is ... -ing. Turkish builds that meaning directly into the verb.

Because Turkish often leaves subject pronouns out when they are clear from context.

Here, the subject is already stated:

• Masadaki kahve

So there is no need to add a separate pronoun. Turkish does this very often:

• Geliyorum = I am coming.
• Soğuyor = It is getting cold / He is getting cold / She is getting cold, depending on context.

In this sentence, kahve makes it clear that the subject is the coffee.

In modern Turkish, ğ is usually not pronounced like a hard g in English.

In soğuyor, it mostly lengthens or smooths the sound between vowels rather than making a strong consonant sound. A simple learner-friendly approximation is:

• so-yor, with a slight lengthening or glide

So do not pronounce it like:

• sog-uyor

The important point is that ğ is soft and usually very light.

Turkish word order is flexible, but this sentence is the most neutral and natural order:

• Masadaki kahve soğuyor.

That is:

• subject: Masadaki kahve
• verb: soğuyor

You can move things around in Turkish for emphasis, but not every rearrangement works equally well.

For example, masadaki must stay closely connected to kahve, because it is modifying it. So:

• Masadaki kahve = good
• Kahve masadaki = not a normal equivalent here

The original sentence is the best standard version for a learner to copy.