İlaç kısa sürede işe yarıyor.

Yes. İşe yaramak is a very common fixed expression meaning:

• to work
• to be effective
• to be useful
• to do the job

So in this sentence, İlaç kısa sürede işe yarıyor means the medicine works / becomes effective in a short time.

Literally, it is something like to be of use for the purpose, but you should learn işe yaramak as a chunk.

Because the expression is işe yaramak, not iş yaramak.

Here, işe is iş + -e, and -e is the dative ending. In many Turkish expressions, a noun takes a case ending because the verb requires it.

So:

• iş = work, job, use
• işe yaramak = to be useful / to work

You do not translate this word-for-word into natural English. The important point is that yaramak normally goes with işe in this meaning.

Kısa sürede means in a short time or within a short period.

Breakdown:

• kısa = short
• süre = duration, period of time
• sürede = in the period / in the time

The ending -de is the locative suffix, but in Turkish it is often used in time expressions too, not just places.

For example:

• iki günde = in two days
• kısa sürede = in a short time
• bir haftada = in one week

So this is a very normal Turkish way to say in/within a certain amount of time.

Because yaramak is the dictionary form (the infinitive), while yarıyor is a conjugated form.

The infinitive is:

• yaramak = to work / to be useful

In the sentence, we need a present-tense form:

• yarıyor = works / is working / is effective

This comes from the Turkish -yor form.

There is also a small sound change:

• yara-
  • -ıyor → yarıyor

The final a before -yor drops, which is a common pattern in Turkish.

Grammatically, -yor is often called the present continuous form, but in real Turkish it is used more broadly than English is ...-ing.

Depending on context, yarıyor can mean:

• is working
• works
• is effective
• takes effect

In this sentence, natural English is usually works or takes effect rather than is working.

So İlaç kısa sürede işe yarıyor is best understood as something like:

• The medicine works in a short time
• The medicine takes effect quickly

Yes. That is one of the most important things to notice.

It can be used for:

• objects: Bu alet işe yarıyor. = This tool is useful / works.
• plans or methods: Bu yöntem işe yarıyor. = This method works.
• medicine or treatment: İlaç işe yarıyor. = The medicine works.

So the exact English translation depends on the situation, but the core idea is being effective or useful for a purpose.

Because Turkish does not use articles the way English does.

İlaç can mean:

• medicine
• a medicine
• the medicine

The exact meaning depends on context.

So if the situation is already known, İlaç kısa sürede işe yarıyor will often be understood as The medicine works in a short time. In a more general context, it could mean Medicine works quickly or A medicine works quickly, though that is less likely here.

Usually, no.

Çalışmak means to work for things like:

• machines
• devices
• systems
• people working at a job

For medicine, Turkish normally prefers:

• işe yaramak
• etki etmek = to have an effect

So:

• İlaç işe yarıyor = The medicine works.
• İlaç etki ediyor = The medicine is having an effect.

İlaç çalışıyor sounds unnatural in normal Turkish.

Because Turkish normally puts the main verb at the end.

This sentence follows a very normal Turkish order:

• İlaç = subject
• kısa sürede = time expression
• işe = complement of the verb
• yarıyor = verb

So the structure is very natural for Turkish.

English and Turkish organize sentences differently, so even if the English translation does not end with the verb, Turkish often does.

A few sounds may stand out for English speakers:

• İ in İlaç = like ee in see
• ç in ilaç = ch
• ş in işe = sh
• ı in kısa and yarıyor = a vowel with no exact English equivalent; it is a dull, back vowel said without rounding the lips

A rough pronunciation guide:

• İlaç ≈ ee-LACH
• kısa ≈ kuh-SUH (very approximate)
• sürede ≈ syu-re-deh
• işe ≈ ee-sheh
• yarıyor ≈ ya-ruh-yor

The most important thing is not to pronounce ı like English ee. It is a different vowel.