Balon aniden patladı.

• balon = balloon
• aniden = suddenly / all of a sudden
• patladı = burst / popped

So the whole sentence means The balloon suddenly burst or The balloon suddenly popped.

Turkish does not have articles like English the and a/an.

So balon can mean:

• a balloon
• the balloon

The exact meaning depends on context. In a sentence like this, English often uses the balloon if it is a specific balloon already understood from the situation.

patladı comes from the verb patlamak, which means to burst, to pop, or to explode.

It breaks down like this:

• patla- = verb stem
• -dı = past tense suffix

So patladı means it burst / it popped.

Because the verb is in the 3rd person singular, there is no extra ending for he/she/it beyond the tense marker.

This is because of vowel harmony.

The Turkish past tense suffix has four common forms:

• -dı
• -di
• -du
• -dü

The form used depends on the last vowel before the suffix. In patla-, the last vowel is a, so the correct form is -dı.

That gives:

• patla + dı = patladı

Aniden means suddenly or all of a sudden.

It is a very natural adverb in Turkish. In this sentence, it tells us that the balloon burst unexpectedly.

Turkish also has other words with similar meanings, such as:

• birden = suddenly
• ansızın = suddenly, unexpectedly

All of these can often translate as suddenly, but aniden is a very standard and common choice.

Turkish often puts the verb at the end of the sentence.

So the structure here is:

• Balon = subject
• aniden = adverb
• patladı = verb

A very typical Turkish pattern is:

Subject + adverb + verb

That is why Balon aniden patladı sounds natural.

It is possible, but it is less neutral and less natural in everyday Turkish.

Balon aniden patladı is the most standard order.

If you move aniden, you may create a different emphasis, but for a learner, it is best to use:

• Balon aniden patladı.

In this sentence, balon already functions as the subject, so Turkish does not need a separate pronoun like it.

English says:

• The balloon suddenly burst.

Turkish says:

• Balon aniden patladı.

Since balon is already there, adding a pronoun would be unnecessary.

Here, patlamak is being used intransitively.

That means the balloon bursts on its own:

• Balon patladı. = The balloon burst.

If you want to say that someone or something popped the balloon, Turkish usually uses a different verb:

• patlatmak = to make something burst / to pop something

For example:

• Balonu patlattı. = He/She popped the balloon.

So:

• patlamak = to burst
• patlatmak = to burst something / to pop something

A simple pronunciation guide is:

• balon → ba-lon
• aniden → a-ni-den
• patladı → pat-la-dı

The last vowel ı is important. It is not the same as English ee or ih. It is a Turkish vowel that sounds like a relaxed, unrounded vowel made deep in the mouth.

So patladı is approximately:

• paht-luh-duh
  but with the final vowel closer to Turkish ı than English uh

Balon is singular: balloon.

If you want the plural, you add -lar / -ler:

• balon = balloon
• balonlar = balloons

So:

• Balon aniden patladı. = The balloon suddenly burst.
• Balonlar aniden patladı. = The balloons suddenly burst.

Yes, depending on context, patladı can sometimes be translated as:

• burst
• popped
• exploded

For a balloon, the most natural English translations are usually:

• The balloon popped
• The balloon burst

Exploded is possible, but it sounds stronger and is usually less natural for an ordinary balloon.