Sprzedał samochód.

Polish often drops subject pronouns when they are clear from the verb form.

In Sprzedał samochód, the verb sprzedał already tells you that the subject is:

• 3rd person singular
• masculine

So the sentence naturally means he sold a/the car, or some masculine person already known from context sold a/the car.

You could add on (he) if you wanted emphasis or contrast, but it is usually unnecessary:

• On sprzedał samochód = He sold the car / It was he who sold the car

Sprzedał is the past tense form of the verb sprzedać.

It tells you several things at once:

• past tense
• 3rd person singular
• masculine subject
• completed action

So it is not just sold in a general sense — it specifically means he sold.

Compare:

• sprzedał = he sold
• sprzedała = she sold
• sprzedałem = I sold (masculine speaker)
• sprzedałam = I sold (feminine speaker)

Yes. In Polish, past tense forms show gender in the singular.

That is why you get:

• sprzedał = he sold
• sprzedała = she sold
• sprzedało = it sold for a neuter subject

This is very different from English, where sold stays the same.

So the ending -ał in sprzedał is a strong clue that the subject is masculine singular.

Samochód is the direct object, so it is in the accusative case.

The reason it looks unchanged is that for masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is usually the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: samochód
• accusative: samochód

That is normal.

Compare with a masculine animate noun, where the accusative does change:

• nominative: pies = dog
• accusative: psa

So in Sprzedał samochód, samochód is accusative even though it looks like the basic form.

There are two main clues:

• sprzedał already implies an omitted masculine singular subject: he
• samochód is the thing being sold, so it is the object

In English, word order usually tells you who does what. In Polish, verb forms and case do much more of that work.

So even though samochód comes right after the verb, it is not the subject. The subject is understood from sprzedał.

Yes. Sprzedał comes from sprzedać, which is a perfective verb.

Perfective verbs usually present an action as complete, finished, achieved.

So:

• Sprzedał samochód = He sold the car / He has sold the car
  Focus: the sale was completed.

By contrast, sprzedawał comes from the imperfective verb sprzedawać:

• Sprzedawał samochód can mean He was selling the car, He used to sell the car, or sometimes He sold cars depending on context.

So the difference is basically:

• sprzedał = completed result
• sprzedawał = process, repetition, background, or ongoing action

It can mean either one.

Polish has no articles like a and the, so context decides.

So samochód may mean:

• a car
• the car

In a real conversation, you would understand which one is meant from the situation or earlier context.

Polish word order is more flexible than English word order.

Sprzedał samochód is perfectly natural, especially when the subject is omitted.

But other orders are also possible, with different emphasis:

• On sprzedał samochód = adds the subject explicitly
• Samochód sprzedał = puts extra focus on car
• Sprzedał on samochód = possible, but more marked or stylistic

So the sentence is not completely fixed. Word order in Polish often changes to reflect focus, contrast, or style, not just basic grammar.

Sometimes, yes.

Polish does not have a separate tense that matches the English present perfect exactly. A past tense perfective form like sprzedał often corresponds to:

• he sold
• he has sold

The best English choice depends on context.

So if the context is about a completed result that matters now, English might prefer has sold. If it is just a past event, English might prefer sold.

The object samochód would stay the same, but the verb would change.

Examples:

• Sprzedała samochód = She sold a/the car
• Sprzedali samochód = They sold a/the car (at least one male or mixed group)
• Sprzedały samochód = They sold a/the car (all-female group)

This is another important feature of Polish: the past tense changes not only for person and number, but also for gender.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

• sprzedał ≈ shP-SHE-dow with a short rolled or tapped r
• ł is pronounced like English w

A few important points:

• rz here sounds like zh/sh depending on the environment; in sprzedał, it is pronounced like a sh-like sound because of the nearby consonants
• e is like e in bet
• final ł sounds like w

So the end -dał sounds roughly like dow, not like an English l sound.