استاد ما امروز گفت که هفته بعد امتحان داریم.

Because Persian usually expresses possession as:

noun + ezafe + possessor

So استاد ما means our teacher.

More literally, it is:

• استادِ ما = teacher of us = our teacher

A native English speaker may expect something like our teacher with the possessor first, but Persian normally puts the main noun first.

Also, the little connecting sound -e after استاد is usually not written, but it is understood in pronunciation:

• ostâd-e mâ

که introduces the clause that reports what was said. Here it works like that in English:

• گفت که... = said that...

So the structure is:

• استاد ما امروز گفت = Our teacher said today
• که هفته بعد امتحان داریم = that we have an exam next week

In English, that is often optional:

• Our teacher said (that) we have an exam next week.

In Persian, که is very common in this kind of sentence.

Because the verb already shows the subject.

داریم means we have. The ending -یم tells you the subject is we.

So Persian often drops the subject pronoun when it is already clear from the verb.

Compare:

• دارم = I have
• داری = you have
• دارد = he/she/it has
• داریم = we have
• دارید = you (plural/formal) have
• دارند = they have

You could say ما امتحان داریم, but here ما is unnecessary because داریم already tells you it is we.

This is very normal in Persian. If there is a clear future time expression like هفته بعد (next week), Persian often uses the present tense instead of a special future form.

So:

• هفته بعد امتحان داریم = We have an exam next week

Even though داریم is present in form, the time phrase makes the future meaning clear.

A more explicitly future version is possible, such as:

• هفته بعد امتحان خواهیم داشت

But in everyday Persian, the present tense is often more natural.

This is just a very common Persian way to talk about scheduled events, obligations, or things on your timetable.

So امتحان داریم means:

• we have an exam
• in context, also we’re going to have an exam

This pattern is extremely common. For example:

• کلاس داریم = we have class
• جلسه داریم = we have a meeting
• وقت داریم = we have time

So this is a normal, idiomatic Persian expression.

In this sentence, امروز most naturally goes with گفت:

• استاد ما امروز گفت... = Our teacher said today...

So the idea is that the teacher made this statement today.

It does not mean the exam is today. The exam time is given later by هفته بعد (next week).

Because بعد here works as a modifier meaning next / following / later, and Persian puts it after هفته in this expression:

• هفته بعد = next week / the following week

Another very common equivalent is:

• هفته آینده = next week

So in this sentence, هفته بعد is a normal and natural phrase.

Also, in careful pronunciation, there is an ezafe here too:

• هفتهٔ بعد
• pronounced roughly hafte-ye ba'd

Yes. Persian generally prefers Subject–Object–Verb order, while English usually uses Subject–Verb–Object.

This sentence looks like:

• استاد ما = subject
• امروز = time expression
• گفت = verb
• که هفته بعد امتحان داریم = content clause

Inside the second clause:

• هفته بعد = time expression
• امتحان = object
• داریم = verb

So the second clause is literally closer to:

• next week exam we-have

That final verb position is very typical of Persian.

Yes. A learner should notice that Persian writing often leaves out short vowels and sometimes does not clearly show the linking sound ezafe.

In this sentence, two places are especially important:

• استاد ما is pronounced ostâd-e mâ
• هفته بعد is pronounced hafte-ye ba'd

So a fuller pronunciation guide would be something like:

• ostâd-e mâ emruz goft ke hafte-ye ba'd emtehân dârim

This is very common in Persian: the written form is shorter than the full spoken form.

Yes, Persian word order is somewhat flexible, especially with time expressions. The original sentence is perfectly natural, but you may also hear variations like:

• امروز استاد ما گفت که هفته بعد امتحان داریم
• استاد ما گفت که هفته بعد امتحان داریم امروز — this one is much less natural in normal speech

The most natural place for امروز here is before گفت or earlier in the clause.

So the original sentence is a very standard, natural order:

• استاد ما امروز گفت که هفته بعد امتحان داریم

It depends on context.

استاد can mean:

• teacher
• professor
• instructor
• sometimes even master/expert

In everyday learning materials, teacher is often the simplest translation, but in a university context professor or instructor may be more accurate.

So in this sentence, استاد ما could be:

• our teacher
• our professor
• our instructor

The exact English choice depends on the situation, not on grammar.