La monon ŝparinta amikino aĉetis bileton.

Ŝparinta is an active past participle. It describes someone as having saved money.

So:

• ŝparis = saved (a finite verb, the main action of a clause)
• ŝparinta = having saved / who had saved (a participle used like an adjective)

In this sentence, ŝparinta modifies amikino:

• La monon ŝparinta amikino = the friend who had saved the money

Esperanto often uses participles to make compact phrases like this.

Because it is being used adjectivally.

Esperanto participles can take normal adjective endings when they describe a noun. Here, ŝparinta describes amikino, so it ends in -a, just like an adjective would.

Breakdown:

• ŝpar- = save
• -int- = past active participle
• -a = adjective ending

So ŝparinta literally means something like having-saved.

-int- is the marker for the active past participle.

The active participle system is:

• -ant- = doing
• -int- = having done
• -ont- = going to do / about to do

So:

• ŝparanta = saving
• ŝparinta = having saved
• ŝparonta = about to save / going to save

In your sentence, ŝparinta amikino means a friend who had saved.

Because mono is the direct object of ŝpari.

The friend is the one doing the saving, and the money is what was saved, so Esperanto marks it with -n:

• mono = money
• monon = money as a direct object

Even though ŝparinta is not the main verb of the sentence, it still keeps its own object:

• monon ŝparinta amikino = friend having saved the money

That is very normal in Esperanto.

Because bileton is the direct object of the main verb aĉetis.

The main clause is:

• amikino aĉetis bileton = the friend bought a ticket

So there are two different verb ideas here, each with its own object:

• monon goes with ŝparinta
• bileton goes with aĉetis

That is why both nouns have -n, but for different reasons.

Because the whole noun phrase is already made definite by the first la.

In Esperanto, la often applies to the entire noun phrase:

• La monon ŝparinta amikino = the money-saving / money-having-saved friend

You do not need to repeat la before amikino.

Compare:

• la bela domo = the beautiful house
• la hieraŭ alveninta gasto = the guest who arrived yesterday

The article usually appears once, at the beginning of the noun phrase.

Because in Esperanto, modifiers of a noun often come before the noun, including participial phrases.

So:

• la monon ŝparinta amikino
  literally: the money having-saved friend

This is normal Esperanto word order.

You could also express the same idea with a relative clause:

• La amikino, kiu ŝparis la monon, aĉetis bileton.

That version may feel more natural to English speakers at first, but the participle version is perfectly standard.

Not in the same straightforward way.

In Esperanto, when a participle directly modifies a noun, it is most naturally placed before the noun together with its complements:

• la monon ŝparinta amikino

Putting the noun first and the participle after it is not the normal pattern for a simple attributive phrase.

If you want the noun first, a relative clause is usually clearer:

• La amikino, kiu ŝparis la monon, aĉetis bileton.

So for learners, the safest pattern is:

• object + participle + noun
• here: monon + ŝparinta + amikino

Yes, that is the usual implication.

The participle -int- shows an action completed before the time of the main verb. So the sequence is understood as:

1. the friend saved the money
2. the friend bought a ticket

Esperanto participles often show this time relationship quite clearly.

In a way, both.

It is verb-based, because it comes from ŝpari and can still take an object (monon).

But in the sentence it functions like an adjective, because it modifies amikino and has the adjective ending -a.

So you can think of it as a verbal adjective.

That is one of the most useful ways to understand Esperanto participles.

Because -in- is the feminine suffix in Esperanto.

• amiko = friend
• amikino = female friend

So the sentence specifically refers to a female friend.

If the sex were unspecified or male, you might see amiko instead.

Yes. A beginner-friendly version would be:

• La amikino, kiu ŝparis la monon, aĉetis bileton.

This uses a relative clause:

• kiu ŝparis la monon = who saved the money

It means the same thing, but many English speakers find it easier at first because it is closer to English structure.

The original sentence is more compact and elegant, but not necessarily the easiest first version for a learner.

Because all of those words work together to identify which friend is meant.

The structure is:

• La = the
• monon ŝparinta = having saved the money
• amikino = female friend

So the whole phrase is one noun phrase: the friend who had saved the money.

Then the main statement about that friend is:

• aĉetis bileton = bought a ticket

A useful way to see the structure is:

• [La monon ŝparinta amikino] [aĉetis bileton].

That makes it easier to separate the subject from the predicate.