Blomsterne står i vasen på bordet.

Because -ne is the definite plural ending here.
Blomster = flowers
Blomsterne = the flowers

In Danish, the definite article is often added to the end of the noun instead of being a separate word like English the.

For the same basic reason: -en marks the definite singular of many common gender nouns.

• en vase = a vase
• vasen = the vase

So Danish often builds the into the noun itself.

Because bord is a neuter noun, not a common gender noun.

• et bord = a table
• bordet = the table

A very common pattern is:

• en noun → definite singular in -en
• et noun → definite singular in -et

So:

• en vase → vasen
• et bord → bordet

Because Danish usually expresses definiteness by adding an ending to the noun.

In this sentence:

• blomsterne = the flowers
• vasen = the vase
• bordet = the table

So Danish does not need separate words like the flowers, the vase, the table here.

Danish often uses position verbs where English just uses is/are.

Here, står literally means stands / are standing, but in natural English the whole sentence may simply be translated as The flowers are in the vase on the table.

Why står?

Because Danish likes to describe how something is positioned:

• stå = stand
• sidde = sit
• ligge = lie
• hænge = hang

Flowers in a vase are thought of as standing, so står sounds natural.

Usually yes, at least conceptually. Danish often imagines objects in terms of their physical orientation.

So Blomsterne står i vasen suggests the flowers are positioned upright in the vase. Even if English would just say are in the vase, Danish often chooses the more specific verb.

This does not necessarily sound dramatic or overly literal to a Danish speaker—it is just normal usage.

Because the prepositions describe different kinds of location:

• i = in
• på = on

So:

• i vasen = in the vase
• på bordet = on the table

The flowers are in the vase, and the vase is on the table.

In normal understanding, på bordet describes the location of the vase.

So the natural interpretation is:

• the flowers are in the vase
• the vase is on the table

In other words: The flowers are in the vase that is on the table.

Because of real-world logic, that is the reading most people will get immediately.

Yes, this is standard Danish word order for a main clause:

• Blomsterne = subject
• står = verb
• i vasen på bordet = place information

So the structure is basically:

Subject + verb + location

That is very normal in simple Danish statements.

Yes, it is grammatically possible, but it is less idiomatic in many contexts.

Er is more neutral and simply states location.
Står sounds more natural because flowers in a vase are typically thought of as standing.

So:

• Blomsterne er i vasen på bordet = understandable
• Blomsterne står i vasen på bordet = more natural Danish

A possible indefinite version would be:

Blomster står i en vase på et bord.

That means something like Flowers are in a vase on a table.

Compare:

• Blomsterne står i vasen på bordet. = The flowers are in the vase on the table.
• Blomster står i en vase på et bord. = Flowers are in a vase on a table.

This shows the difference between definite and indefinite forms clearly.

The singular is:

• en blomst = a flower

The plural is irregular:

• blomster = flowers

Then the definite plural is:

• blomsterne = the flowers

So the steps are:

• blomst
• blomster
• blomsterne

This is worth noticing because the plural is not just blomsts or something English-like; it follows Danish plural patterns.