يتبادل السائق الآخر البيانات؛ المصد يتضرر.

Because in Arabic, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.

So:

• السائق الآخر = the other driver

Here الآخر is acting like an adjective meaning other. It follows السائق and agrees with it in:

• definiteness
• gender
• number
• case

A useful comparison:

• السائق الآخر = the other driver
• سائق آخر = another driver

So the presence or absence of الـ changes the meaning.

Because Arabic adjectives match the noun in definiteness.

Since السائق is definite (the driver), the adjective describing it must also be definite:

• السائق الآخر = the other driver

If you said:

• سائق آخر

that would mean another driver, not the other driver.

This is a very common pattern in Arabic:

• الكتاب الجديد = the new book
• الرجل الطويل = the tall man
• السائق الآخر = the other driver

يتبادل is a present-tense verb meaning exchanges or is exchanging.

It comes from Form VI:

• past: تبادل
• present: يتبادل

Form VI often gives a mutual or reciprocal sense, so يتبادل commonly means:

• exchange with each other
• trade
• swap

That is why this verb fits well with something like data or information.

Grammatically, يتبادل here is:

• 3rd person
• masculine
• singular
• present/imperfect

So it matches السائق الآخر.

Yes, often it does.

Because تبادل / يتبادل usually has a reciprocal sense, it often implies that something is being exchanged with someone else, even if Arabic does not state that person explicitly.

So يتبادل السائق الآخر البيانات naturally suggests something like:

• the other driver exchanges the data
• the other driver is exchanging data with someone/something else

If you wanted to state the partner clearly, Arabic could add مع:

• يتبادل السائق الآخر البيانات مع...
• The other driver exchanges data with...

So the sentence is not ungrammatical without مع; the other participant is simply understood from context.

البيانات means the data.

It is the plural of بيان in many modern technical contexts, and in Modern Standard Arabic it is a very common word for:

• data
• information
• recorded details

It is definite because of الـ, so it refers to specific data, not just data in general.

Compare:

• بيانات = data / some data
• البيانات = the data

In this sentence, it is the direct object of يتبادل.

Both word orders are possible in Arabic, but they give slightly different emphasis.

• يتضرر المصد = a more verb-first style
• المصد يتضرر = starts by highlighting the bumper

Arabic allows both:

• verbal sentence: verb first
• nominal sentence: noun first

So in المصد يتضرر, the speaker begins with the bumper as the topic, then says what happens to it.

You can think of it roughly as:

• As for the bumper, it gets damaged or simply
• The bumper gets damaged

This noun-first structure is very common in Arabic.

المصد here means the bumper, specifically the bumper of a vehicle.

In everyday written Arabic, short vowels are usually not written, so you may see words like this without full pronunciation marks. In automotive vocabulary, the word refers to the part of the car designed to absorb impact.

So the second clause is talking about damage to the car’s bumper.

Because يتضرر means is damaged, gets damaged, or suffers damage.

It is not the simple active idea of damages something else. Instead, it describes what happens to the subject.

So:

• المصد يتضرر = the bumper gets damaged

This kind of meaning is very common with verbs of this pattern in Arabic: they can sound reflexive, middle, or passive-like in English.

So although English may use a passive-style translation, Arabic here is using the verb يتضرر naturally to mean that the bumper itself undergoes damage.

Because Arabic verbs already show the subject in their form.

For example:

• يتبادل already tells you the subject is he / it (masculine singular)
• يتضرر also already tells you he / it (masculine singular)

Since the noun is stated explicitly:

• السائق الآخر
• المصد

Arabic does not need an extra pronoun like he or it.

This is very normal in Arabic. The verb carries subject information by itself.

The Arabic semicolon ؛ works much like the English semicolon.

It separates two closely related clauses:

• يتبادل السائق الآخر البيانات
• المصد يتضرر

So it signals a pause stronger than a comma, but less final than a full stop.

You may also notice that the Arabic semicolon looks reversed compared with the English one:

• English: ;
• Arabic: ؛

A fully vowelled version could be written like this:

• يَتَبَادَلُ السَّائِقُ الآخَرُ البَيَانَاتِ؛ المِصَدُّ يَتَضَرَّرُ

Why these endings?

• يَتَبَادَلُ: present tense, indicative, so it ends in ـُ
• السَّائِقُ: subject of the first clause, so nominative
• الآخَرُ: adjective matching السائق, so also nominative
• البَيَانَاتِ: direct object, so accusative; for this kind of plural, accusative appears with ـِ
• المِصَدُّ: subject/topic of the second clause, so nominative
• يَتَضَرَّرُ: present tense, indicative

In normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted, so learners have to infer the grammar from structure and context.