يمتص الجذر المغذيات.

Because this is a normal verbal sentence in Arabic, and a very common word order is:

• verb + subject + object

So:

• يمتص = verb
• الجذر = subject
• المغذيات = object

This verb-first order is very natural in MSA. You can also say الجذر يمتص المغذيات, but that puts more emphasis on الجذر as the topic.

يمتص is an imperfect verb, third person masculine singular.

That means it corresponds to English forms like:

• he absorbs
• it absorbs
• is absorbing
  depending on context

In this sentence, it is best understood as a present/habitual statement: the action is something the root does in general.

Because the subject الجذر is singular masculine.

So the agreement is:

• الجذر = masculine singular
• يمتص = masculine singular

That is the expected match.

A useful extra note: in MSA, when the verb comes before the subject, the verb is often singular even if the subject is plural. But here the subject is singular, so there is no special complication.

It is the subject of the verb, so it is nominative.

In fully vocalized Arabic, you would show that as:

• الجذرُ

In ordinary writing, the final short vowel is usually omitted, so you just see الجذر.

It is the direct object, so it is accusative.

The interesting part is that المغذيات is a sound feminine plural noun ending in -ات. In MSA, that type of noun behaves like this:

• nominative: -اتُ
• accusative: -اتِ
• genitive: -اتِ

So in full vocalization here, it would be:

• المغذياتِ

Without vowel marks, the spelling does not change, so learners have to identify the case from the grammar of the sentence.

ال is the definite article, usually corresponding to the.

Arabic often uses definite nouns in generic or scientific statements. So even though the sentence literally looks like:

• the root absorbs the nutrients

it can still express a general truth.

That is why the English translation may vary by context:

• The root absorbs nutrients
• Roots absorb nutrients

Both can represent the same basic Arabic idea.

Yes.

In both الجذر and المغذيات, the ل of ال is pronounced, because ج and م are moon letters, not sun letters.

So the article is pronounced as al- before both words.

If the next letter were a sun letter, the l sound would assimilate instead.

Grammatically, yes. The ending -ات marks it as a feminine plural form.

But this is grammatical gender, not biological gender. Many non-human nouns are feminine in form.

In this sentence, it does not affect the verb, because المغذيات is the object, not the subject. It simply means nutrients.

Yes, that is also correct.

The difference is mainly in word order and focus:

• يمتص الجذر المغذيات = neutral verb-first sentence
• الجذر يمتص المغذيات = subject-first, with more topical emphasis on the root

So both are grammatical, but they do not feel exactly the same in style or information structure.

Because that is the more fully marked spelling of the verb.

The dictionary form is:

• امتصّ = to absorb

So the imperfect is:

• يمتصّ

The shadda shows that the final consonant is doubled.

In ordinary Arabic writing, short vowels and other diacritics are often omitted, so you may simply see:

• يمتص

An advanced note: this verb comes from the root م ص ص and is built on Form VIII.