الشاحن المتنقل صغير جدا.

الـ is the Arabic definite article, equivalent to the in English. So الشاحن means the charger, not just a charger.

In this sentence, الشاحن المتنقل means the portable charger. Both words are definite because المتنقل is describing الشاحن.

Here, المتنقل is an adjective describing الشاحن.

So:

• الشاحن = the charger
• المتنقل = portable / mobile

Together, الشاحن المتنقل means the portable charger.

This is not a possessive structure like charger of movement or anything like that. It is simply a noun followed by its adjective, which is the normal Arabic pattern.

In Arabic, adjectives usually match the nouns they describe in things like:

• definiteness
• gender
• number
• case

Since الشاحن is definite (the charger), the adjective describing it must also be definite:

• الشاحن المتنقل = the portable charger
• شاحن متنقل = a portable charger

This matching is very important in Arabic.

Because صغير is not part of the noun phrase الشاحن المتنقل. It is the predicate of the sentence: it tells you something about the subject.

This sentence is a nominal sentence:

• الشاحن المتنقل = the subject
• صغير جدا = what is being said about it

So Arabic says, literally:

• The portable charger [is] very small

In this kind of sentence, the predicate is often indefinite, so صغير does not take الـ.

In the present tense, Arabic usually does not use a separate word for is / am / are in simple sentences like this.

So:

• الشاحن المتنقل صغير جدا literally looks like:
• The portable charger very small

But the natural English meaning is:

• The portable charger is very small

This is completely normal in Arabic.

This is a nominal sentence in Arabic, called جملة اسمية.

It begins with a noun phrase rather than a verb:

• الشاحن المتنقل = subject/topic
• صغير جدا = predicate/comment

So the structure is basically:

• [noun phrase] + [description]

This is one of the most common sentence patterns in Arabic.

جدا means very, and in Arabic it usually comes after the adjective it modifies.

So:

• صغير جدا = very small
• literally: small very

This is the normal Arabic order. English says very small, but Arabic says small very.

It is usually pronounced jiddan.

In fully vowelled Arabic, it is written جِدًّا:

• جِ = ji
• دّ = dd (with a doubled d because of the shadda)
• ًا = an

In everyday unvowelled writing, you usually just see جدا.

So even though the spelling may look simple, the full pronunciation is closer to jiddan than jida.

Because الشاحن is a masculine singular noun, and the predicate adjective agrees with it.

So:

• الشاحن ... صغير = masculine singular
• if the noun were feminine, you would expect something like صغيرة

Agreement is very important in Arabic adjectives and predicates.

Yes, but it means something slightly different.

• الشاحن المتنقل صغير جدا = the portable charger is very small
• شاحن متنقل صغير جدا = a portable charger is very small or a very small portable charger, depending on context

Without الـ, the phrase becomes indefinite. So the original sentence is specifically talking about the portable charger.

No. This is not an idafa.

An idafa is a construction like:

• باب البيت = the door of the house
• شاحن الهاتف = the phone charger

But in الشاحن المتنقل, the second word is an adjective, not a second noun in possession relationship.

A quick clue is that in an adjective phrase, the adjective matches the noun in definiteness:

• الشاحن المتنقل
  Both have الـ, so this strongly suggests noun + adjective.

A fully vowelled version is:

الشَّاحِنُ المُتَنَقِّلُ صَغِيرٌ جِدًّا.

Those endings show the grammatical roles more clearly:

• الشَّاحِنُ = subject
• المُتَنَقِّلُ = adjective describing the subject
• صَغِيرٌ = predicate
• جِدًّا = adverb meaning very

In normal writing and speech, these short vowel endings are often not written or not fully pronounced.

المتنقل comes from the root ن-ق-ل, which has to do with moving, transferring, or transporting.

So متنقل carries the idea of something moving or mobile/portable.

This is why it works well for devices like a portable charger.

Not freely. In this sentence, the normal order is:

• الشاحن المتنقل = noun + adjective
• صغير جدا = predicate + intensifier

So the standard sentence is:

الشاحن المتنقل صغير جدا

If you change the order too much, the sentence may sound unnatural or change its meaning.

For example, Arabic normally does not say:

• الشاحن صغير جدا المتنقل

That breaks up the noun and its adjective in a way that does not work here.

A good way to see it is this:

• الشاحن المتنقل forms one unit because المتنقل describes الشاحن
• صغير جدا forms another unit because it tells you something about that subject

So the sentence divides naturally into:

• [الشاحن المتنقل] [صغير جدا]

That is:

• [the portable charger] [is very small]

This is a very useful habit when reading Arabic nominal sentences.