هو يقدم شكوى بشأن السلعة المعيبة.

Both patterns are possible in Arabic.

• هو يقدم شكوى... = He is filing a complaint...
• يقدم شكوى... = also He is filing a complaint...

Since the verb يقدم already shows he, the pronoun هو is not required. It is added for clarity, emphasis, or to make he the topic of the sentence. A learner will often see both styles in MSA.

Here يقدم means submits, files, or lodges.

The verb comes from قدّم and has the general sense of to present or to offer. In official or customer-service language, يقدم شكوى is a very common expression meaning to file a complaint.

So this is not just he presents in a physical sense; it is the standard formal wording for making a complaint.

Arabic present tense can cover both meanings, depending on context.

So يقدم شكوى can mean:

• he files/submits a complaint
• he is filing/submitting a complaint

English has to choose one form more clearly; Arabic often leaves that to context.

Arabic can use a single verb, but يقدم شكوى is more formal and specific.

Compare:

• يقدم شكوى = he files/submits a complaint
• يشتكي من... = he complains about...

So يقدم شكوى sounds more official, like a complaint to a company, office, or authority.
يشتكي is broader and can simply mean someone is complaining.

Because it means a complaint, not the complaint.

• شكوى = a complaint
• الشكوى = the complaint

In this sentence, the complaint is being mentioned as an indefinite object, which is completely normal after a verb like يقدم.

Because this word ends in alif maqṣūra: ى.

So شكوى is pronounced shakwā, with a final long ā sound.
Some Arabic words write that final ā as ى rather than ا.

This is just part of the word’s spelling pattern, and you need to learn it as a vocabulary item.

بشأن means regarding, concerning, or with regard to.

It is a formal MSA expression, very common in official writing and reports. In this sentence, it links the complaint to its topic:

• شكوى بشأن السلعة المعيبة = a complaint regarding the defective item

It sounds more formal than some other ways of saying about.

Sometimes, but بشأن is usually better here in formal MSA.

• بشأن sounds official and precise.
• عن can sometimes mean about, but it is not always the most natural choice in formal complaint language.

If you are talking about complaining against a person or company, Arabic often uses ضد instead:

• قدم شكوى ضد الشركة = He filed a complaint against the company

So for the subject matter of the complaint, بشأن is a strong choice.

Because بشأن functions like a prepositional expression, and the noun after it is governed by it.

So السلعة comes after بشأن in the sense of:

• regarding the item
• concerning the item

In fully vocalized Arabic, السلعة would be in the genitive after بشأن, but in normal unvoweled writing you usually do not see that ending written.

Because in Arabic, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe.

So:

• السلعة = the item / the goods
• المعيبة = defective

Together:

• السلعة المعيبة = literally the item defective
• natural English: the defective item

That noun-then-adjective order is standard in Arabic.

Because it describes السلعة, and سلعة is a feminine noun.

Arabic adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• definiteness

So:

• masculine: معيب
• feminine: معيبة

Since السلعة is feminine singular and definite, the adjective must also be feminine singular and definite:

• السلعة المعيبة

Because Arabic adjectives agree with the noun in definiteness.

• سلعة معيبة = a defective item
• السلعة المعيبة = the defective item

Since السلعة is definite with الـ, the adjective must also be definite with الـ.

No. It is a noun + adjective phrase, not an iḍāfa.

A quick clue is that both words have الـ:

• السلعة = the item
• المعيبة = the defective

That is typical of a noun followed by its adjective.
In an iḍāfa, the second word would be a noun, not an adjective.

In careful pronunciation, it is as-silʿa, not al-silʿa.

That is because س is a sun letter, so the l of الـ assimilates to it.

So:

• السلعة is pronounced approximately as-silʿa
• المعيبة stays al-maʿība, because م is not a sun letter

This is a pronunciation rule, not a spelling change.