السواق اشترى طفاية الحريق من المحل.

In everyday Egyptian Arabic, subject + verb + object is very common, so السواق اشترى... is a natural spoken order.

So the structure is:

• السواق = the driver
• اشترى = bought
• طفاية الحريق = the fire extinguisher / fire extinguisher
• من المحل = from the shop

A verb-first version, اشترى السواق..., is also possible, but it sounds more formal or more like Standard Arabic style.

اشترى is the past tense form meaning he bought.

More specifically, it is:

• 3rd person
• masculine
• singular
• past/perfect

It matches السواق, which is a singular masculine noun.

For comparison:

• اشترت = she bought
• اشتروا = they bought

السواق is a very common Egyptian Arabic word for driver.
السائق is the more Standard Arabic / formal word.

So:

• السواق = everyday Egyptian
• السائق = formal / MSA

A native Egyptian speaker would very naturally say السواق in conversation.

This is because of the sun letter / moon letter rule.

• In السواق, the next letter is س, which is a sun letter, so the ل of الـ is not pronounced. It sounds like es-sawwāʔ.
• In المحل, the next letter is م, which is a moon letter, so the ل is pronounced: el-maḥall.
• In الحريق, the next letter is ح, also a moon letter, so it is el-ḥarīʔ.

So the spelling stays الـ, but the pronunciation changes depending on the next letter.

Because this is an iḍāfa structure, also called a construct phrase: two nouns joined together, where the first noun is linked to the second.

Here:

• طفاية = extinguisher
• الحريق = the fire

Together, طفاية الحريق literally means something like extinguisher of the fire, which is how Arabic forms the expression fire extinguisher.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take الـ
• the second noun determines whether the whole phrase is definite

So even though طفاية has no الـ, the whole phrase is definite because الحريق is definite.

Because طفاية ends in ة (tāʾ marbūṭa).

When a word ending in ة is said by itself, it is usually pronounced with an -a sound:

• طفاية = ṭafāya

But when it is connected to another noun in an iḍāfa, the t sound appears:

• طفاية الحريق = ṭafāyet el-ḥarīʔ

This is a very common pattern in Arabic.

Yes, it is a normal way to say fire extinguisher.

In everyday speech, people may also shorten it to just طفاية if the context is clear. But طفاية الحريق is clearer and more explicit.

A more formal or Standard Arabic expression might use مطفأة instead of طفاية, but طفاية is very natural in Egyptian.

من means from, and المحل means the shop / the store.

So:

• من المحل = from the shop
• من in Egyptian is often pronounced men

Also, محل in Egyptian Arabic commonly means a local shop, store, or business.

A rough Cairene-style pronunciation would be:

es-sawwāʔ eshtara ṭafāyet el-ḥarīʔ men el-maḥall

A few notes:

• السواق → es-sawwāʔ
• اشترى is often pronounced something like eshtara
• طفاية الحريق → ṭafāyet el-ḥarīʔ
• من often sounds like men
• In Cairo, ق is often pronounced as a glottal stop, which is why السواق and الحريق may end with a little catch in the throat

Exact pronunciation can vary a bit by region and speaker.

A common Egyptian negated version would be:

السواق ما اشترش طفاية الحريق من المحل.

This uses the Egyptian negation pattern ما ... ش around the verb:

• اشترى = he bought
• ما اشترش = he did not buy

So the whole sentence means The driver did not buy the fire extinguisher from the shop.

In everyday Egyptian, this ما...ش pattern is extremely common.