Learn Arabic (Modern Standard): هل تتعلم العربية الآن؟

Yes, it goes at the very beginning of the sentence just like the other question words! However, هل is specifically a particle for Yes/No questions, acting like 'Are you' or 'Do you' in English. It doesn't ask for details like ماذا (what) does, just a simple yes or no.

Why isn't there a word for 'are' in this sentence?

Arabic doesn't use 'to be' verbs like 'am/is/are' in the present tense. Additionally, the single present-tense verb تتعلم covers both 'you learn' and 'you are learning'. Adding الآن (now) at the end clarifies it is an ongoing action happening right at this moment.

Who exactly is being asked 'Are you learning' here?

Because the verb is تتعلم, this question is being asked to one male. The 'ta-' prefix marks it as 'you' (masculine singular). If you wanted to ask a female, you would add the feminine ending to the verb to make it تتعلمين.

Why does the word for Arabic, العربية, have 'al-' (the) at the beginning?

In Arabic, we usually treat the names of languages as definite nouns. So instead of just saying 'Arabic', the structure is literally 'the Arabic' (العربية). If you dropped the 'al-', it would just act as an adjective.