Learn Arabic (Modern Standard): هل تعرفني؟

When "me" is the direct object of a verb, Arabic uses ـني. The regular "my" suffix ـي is only used for possession on nouns (like كتابي for "my book") or after prepositions. The extra "n" sound in ـني is called the "nun of protection" because it protects the verb's final vowel from being swallowed by the heavy "ee" sound.

How would this sentence change if I were speaking to a woman?

You would change the verb تعرف (you know, masculine) to the feminine form تعرفين. Then, you attach the object pronoun ـني to the very end, making the full sentence هل تعرفينني؟.

Since تعرف starts with a ت, couldn't this also mean "Does she know me?"

Yes, absolutely! In the present tense, the تـ prefix is used for both "you" (masculine singular) and "she". Without extra context or a specific subject pronoun like هي (she), هل تعرفني؟ can mean either "Do you know me?" or "Does she know me?".

Why is there no word for "do" in the Arabic sentence?

Arabic doesn't use helper verbs like "do" or "does" to make questions. Instead, it uses the question particle هل at the beginning of a sentence to turn any statement into a simple "yes or no" question.