Ablative -tól/-től marks movement or conceptual separation away from a person, object, or reference point. From that spatial center it extends to personal sources, causes, source-like agents, and standards from which something differs. Formation is productive: back-harmonic stems take -tól, while front-harmonic stems take -től. The neighboring source cases and finer meanings belong on ablative usage and ablative contrasts.
The two harmonic forms
Back vowels a, á, o, ó, u, ú select -tól. Front vowels select -től, including rounded ö, ő, ü, ű as well as unrounded e, é, i, í. The long vowel of the suffix is obligatory.
| Stem type | Base | Ablative | Segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|
| back | ház | háztól | ház-tól |
| front unrounded | szék | széktől | szék-től |
| front rounded | föld | földtől | föld-től |
| vowel-final | autó | autótól | autó-tól |
| final a lengthens | Anna | Annától | Anná-tól |
| final e lengthens | körte | körtétől | körté-től |
Lépj egy kicsit távolabb az ablaktól!
Step a little farther away from the window!
A kutya megijedt a mennydörgéstől.
The dog was frightened by the thunder.
Tegnap levelet kaptam Annától.
Yesterday I received a letter from Anna.
Final short a/e lengthen to á/é before the ending. Other stems attach it directly, without linking vowels or consonant assimilation.
The vicinity direction triple
Ablative is the source member paired with static adessive and destination allative.
| Relation | Case | Example |
|---|---|---|
| at/near Péter | adessive | Péternél |
| to Péter's place | allative | Péterhez |
| from Péter's place | ablative | Pétertől |
Most jövök az orvostól.
I've just come from the doctor's.
This does not mean emerging from inside the doctor's body. Hungarian treats a person or their premises as a reference point. Physical emergence from an interior uses elative -ból/-ből, while removal from a surface uses delative -ról/-ről.
Mixed and neutral-vowel stems
A stem whose non-neutral vowels are back takes -tól, even with neutral e/é/i/í: papírtól, telefontól, kollégától. Stems containing only neutral vowels can have lexical harmony. Many take -től, but some common stems select -tól.
| Base | Ablative | Pattern |
|---|---|---|
| szék | széktől | front |
| víz | víztől | front |
| híd | hídtól | lexical back harmony |
| cél | céltól | lexical back harmony |
| férfi | férfitól | lexical back harmony |
There is no categorical shortcut for all neutral-vowel nouns. Learn one harmonic form with each frequent exception; the pattern normally recurs in other two-way suffixes. See back–front harmony.
Plural and possessive forms
Ablative follows plural and possessive morphology as the outer case ending.
| Meaning | Form | Segmentation |
|---|---|---|
| from the houses | házaktól | ház-ak-tól |
| from the chairs | székektől | szék-ek-től |
| from my friend | barátomtól | barát-o-m-tól |
| from my children | gyerekeimtől | gyerek-e-i-m-től |
A gyerekeimtől kaptam ezt a rajzot.
I got this drawing from my children.
The suffix order is stem + plural/possessive material + case. Ablative does not intervene inside the possessive complex.
Movement away and separation
Literal separation uses ablative when the starting relation is proximity or contact with a reference point.
Húzd el a széket az asztaltól!
Pull the chair away from the table!
Abstract separation extends the same logic. Common frames include megszabadul valamitől “get rid of something,” elválik valakitől “separate/divorce from someone,” and különbözik valamitől “differ from something.”
Szeretnék megszabadulni ettől a rossz szokástól.
I'd like to get rid of this bad habit.
In ettől a rossz szokástól, demonstrative and noun both carry ablative case. Agreement is obligatory.
Personal source and source-like agency
A person or organization from whom information, an object, or an instruction originates takes ablative.
A gulyás receptjét a nagybátyámtól tanultam.
I learned the goulash recipe from my uncle.
Megérkezett a kiadótól várt válasz.
The reply expected from the publisher has arrived.
The organization in a kiadótól várt válasz behaves like a source associated with the expected action. Ablative can therefore resemble an English by-phrase, but it is not a general passive-agent marker. Formal Hungarian uses által for an explicit agent in many passive-like noun phrases: a bizottság által elfogadott javaslat “the proposal adopted by the committee” (formal).
Causes
A state or involuntary reaction can arise from heat, cold, noise, fear, exhaustion, or another stimulus. Ablative marks that causal source.
Alig látok a ködtől.
I can hardly see because of the fog.
Reszketett a hidegtől.
He/She was shivering from the cold.
This does not license -tól/-től for every English because of. External circumstances often use miatt: A köd miatt késett a gép “The plane was delayed because of the fog.” Ablative is particularly natural when the cause directly produces a bodily, perceptual, or emotional state.
Standards of difference
Predicates of difference and deviation construe a standard as the point from which another item separates.
A végeredmény eltér az eredeti tervtől.
The final result differs from the original plan.
Ez a változat teljesen különbözik az előzőtől.
This version is completely different from the previous one.
Plain comparative adjectives normally use adessive -nál/-nél, not ablative: Ez olcsóbb az előzőnél “This is cheaper than the previous one.” Ablative belongs to the lexical frames eltér valamitől and különbözik valamitől.
Ablative personal pronouns
The pronouns use a special series, not nominative pronouns plus the suffix:
| Person | Ablative pronoun |
|---|---|
| 1st singular | tőlem |
| 2nd singular | tőled |
| 3rd singular | tőle |
| 1st plural | tőlünk |
| 2nd plural | tőletek |
| 3rd plural | tőlük |
Tőled hallottam először a hírt.
I first heard the news from you.
Reinforced éntőlem, tetőled, őtőle are emphatic or stylistically marked and can occur across registers; neutral usage prefers tőlem, tőled, tőle.
Segmentation practice
- Annától → Anná-tól: final a lengthens.
- földtől → föld-től: rounded front still selects -től.
- házaktól → ház-ak-tól: plural before case.
- barátomtól → barát-o-m-tól: possessive before case.
- ettől a hídtól → demonstrative ez → ettől plus lexical back-harmonic híd-tól.
- tőlük → pronominal ablative base plus third-person plural marker.
Common Mistakes
❌ Az üzenetet a főnököm kaptam.
Incorrect for ‘I got the message from my boss’ — the noun source needs ablative marking.
✅ Az üzenetet a főnökömtől kaptam.
I received the message from my boss.
❌ A gyerek fél a sötétségtól.
Incorrect harmony — the front-vowel stem requires -től.
✅ A gyerek fél a sötétségtől.
The child is afraid of the dark.
❌ Levettem a könyvet az asztaltól.
Incorrect if the book was on the tabletop — a surface source takes delative.
✅ Levettem a könyvet az asztalról.
I took the book off the table.
❌ Éntől kaptad ezt?
Incorrect — the first-person ablative pronoun is tőlem.
✅ Tőlem kaptad ezt?
Did you get this from me?
Key Takeaways
- Back stems take -tól; front stems take -től, both with a long vowel.
- Final a/e lengthen, and neutral-vowel nouns can preserve lexical harmony.
- Ablative completes the vicinity triple with adessive and allative.
- Personal sources, separation, direct causes, and predicates of difference extend the spatial source meaning.
- The pronominal series is tőlem, tőled, tőle, tőlünk, tőletek, tőlük.
- English from, by, of, or than cannot select the case without the Hungarian semantic frame.
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Start learning Hungarian →Related Topics
- The Ablative -tól/-től: Meanings and UsageA2 — Use Hungarian ablative naturally for departure, personal origin, separation, direct causes, source-like agents, and difference standards.
- The Ablative -tól/-től: Contrasts and Learner TrapsB1 — Distinguish Hungarian ablative sources from interior and surface sources, causal alternatives, agents, and comparative standards.
- The Adessive -nál/-nél: Forms and Core PatternA2 — Form Hungarian adessive -nál/-nél for proximity, locations associated with people and institutions, temporary possession, employers, and comparison standards.
- The Allative -hoz/-hez/-höz: Forms and Core PatternA2 — Form Hungarian allative -hoz/-hez/-höz with three-way rounding harmony for approach, attachment, selected relations, and comparison with képest.
- Back and Front Vowel Harmony: Forms and Core PatternA1 — Choose the back or front form of common Hungarian suffixes by recognizing a stem's vowel class and the main neutral-vowel exceptions.