Participial and Genitive-Absolute Survivals

The modern gerund has one hard limit: it cannot have a subject of its own. Ancient Greek had a construction built for precisely that gap — a participle plus its own noun, both parked in the genitive, forming a mini-clause hung off the side of the sentence. Modern Greek did not inherit the construction, but it inherited a few dozen ready-made specimens of it, and they are still working: on invoices, in contracts, in leading articles and in the minutes of every committee meeting in the country. This is a reading page. You will meet these daily and you will almost never need to build one.

What a genitive absolute actually is

In λαμβανομένου υπόψη του κόστους ("the cost being taken into account"), του κόστους is the participle's own subject and λαμβανομένου agrees with it — genitive, singular, neuter. The pair sits outside the main clause's argument structure: it is neither the subject nor the object of anything, which is exactly what "absolute" means. English does the same thing with a bare noun plus participle: all things considered, weather permitting, the meeting having ended.

Λαμβανομένου υπόψη του κόστους, η πρόταση απορρίφθηκε ομόφωνα.

lamvanoménu ipópsi tu kóstus, i prótasi aporífthike omófona

With the cost taken into account, the proposal was rejected unanimously. (formal)

Most of the participles inside these phrases are the middle -όμενος / -ούμενος forms treated on learned active participles, caught in their genitive: λαμβανόμενος → λαμβανομένου, τηρούμενος → τηρουμένων, εξαιρούμενος → εξαιρουμένων. A few of the fossils freeze a different participle the same way — δεδομένος is a -μένος perfect participle ("given"), and εχόντων, απόντος, παρόντος are the active participle in its genitive. Either way, once you can undo the genitive the phrases stop being opaque blocks and start being grammar.

The live ones: συμπεριλαμβανομένου and εξαιρουμένου

Two of these fossils are not literary at all — they are on your shopping receipt. συμπεριλαμβανομένου ("including") and εξαιρουμένου ("excluding") are the standard commercial and administrative wording, and they carry the one piece of live grammar left in the whole family: they agree with the noun they govern, in gender and number.

Η τιμή είναι εξήντα ευρώ, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του φόρου.

i timí íne eksínda evró, simberilamvanoménu tu fóru

The price is sixty euros, tax included. (ο φόρος — masculine singular)

Η δαπάνη ανέρχεται σε δύο χιλιάδες ευρώ, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των εξόδων μεταφοράς.

i dhapáni anérchete se dhío chiliádhes evró, simberilamvanoménon ton eksódhon metaforás

The outlay comes to two thousand euros, transport costs included. (τα έξοδα — neuter plural)

Το κατάστημα λειτουργεί καθημερινά, εξαιρουμένων των αργιών.

to katástima lituryí kathimeriná, ekseruménon ton aryón

The shop is open every day, public holidays excepted.

This is the detail native speakers themselves get wrong, and it is worth being deliberate about: the ending of συμπεριλαμβανομέν- is decided by what comes after it, not by the subject of the sentence and not by habit. Singular noun → -ου; plural noun → -ων; and the noun itself is genitive throughout.

💡
To pick the ending, delete everything else and say the two words together: του φόρου → συμπεριλαμβανομένου του φόρου; των εξόδων → συμπεριλαμβανομένων των εξόδων. The participle is simply copying the article in front of the noun. If you can produce the genitive of the noun phrase, you already have the ending.

Δεδομένου ότι and its family

Δεδομένου ότι ("given that", "seeing as") is the commonest of all these connectors and the easiest to use, because it is completely frozen — the ότι-clause is not a noun phrase, so there is nothing for the participle to agree with, and it never changes shape.

Δεδομένου ότι δεν υπάρχει χρόνος, θα το συζητήσουμε στην επόμενη συνεδρίαση.

dhedhoménu óti dhen ipárchi chrónos, tha to sizitísume stin epómeni sinedhríasi

Given that there's no time, we'll discuss it at the next meeting. (formal)

Put a noun phrase in instead of the ότι-clause and the agreement rule wakes up again: δεδομένης της κατάστασης, δεδομένων των συνθηκών.

Δεδομένης της κατάστασης, η απόφαση ήταν αναμενόμενη.

dhedhoménis tis katástasis, i apófasi ítan anamenómeni

Given the situation, the decision was to be expected. (formal)

In speech, all of this is αφού or επειδή and nothing is lost:

Αφού δεν υπάρχει χρόνος, θα το συζητήσουμε άλλη μέρα.

afú dhen ipárchi chrónos, tha to sizitísume áli méra

Seeing as there's no time, we'll talk about it another day. (everyday)

Προκειμένου να — and the trap next to it

Προκειμένου να is a heavy (formal) way of saying "in order to", at home in contracts, applications and official prose where για να would sound too light. It is another frozen genitive, from the verb πρόκειμαι ("be at issue"). The related προκειμένου για means "in the case of, as regards".

Προκειμένου να εγκριθεί η δαπάνη, απαιτείται η υπογραφή του διευθυντή.

prokiménu na engrithí i dhapáni, apetíte i ipoghrafí tu dhiefthindí

In order for the expenditure to be approved, the director's signature is required. (formal, administrative)

Now the trap. Πρόκειται να — same verb, different fossil — means "is going to, is due to". The two look almost identical and mean nothing like each other: one introduces a purpose, the other states a plan.

Πρόκειται να μετακομίσουν στη Θεσσαλονίκη τον Σεπτέμβριο.

prókite na metakomísun sti Thesaloníki ton Septémvrio

They're going to move to Thessaloniki in September.

The same root also gives the dative fossil εν προκειμένω ("in this instance"), which belongs with the rest of the fossilized datives.

λαμβανομένου υπόψη or λαμβάνοντας υπόψη

One idea, two registers, two different grammars — and mixing them is the classic slip. The fossil takes a genitive; the ordinary gerund takes a plain accusative object, like any modern verb.

Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το κόστος, αποφασίσαμε να αναβάλουμε το ταξίδι.

lamvánondas ipópsi to kóstos, apofasísame na anaválume to taksídhi

✅ Taking the cost into account, we decided to put the trip off. (the modern gerund — accusative object; usable in speech)

Λαμβανομένου υπόψη του κόστους, in the first example on this page, says the same thing with a genitive and belongs in a written report. Both are correct Greek; the formulaic gerundsλαμβάνοντας υπόψη, κρίνοντας από, μιλώντας γενικά — are the ones you can actually say out loud.

The same doubling shows in Έχοντας υπόψη, the gerund that opens every European Union regulation in Greek:

Έχοντας υπόψη τη γνώμη της Επιτροπής, το Συμβούλιο αποφάσισε τα εξής.

échondas ipópsi ti ghnómi tis Epitropís, to Simvúlio apofásise ta eksís

Having regard to the opinion of the Commission, the Council decided as follows. (legal, EU)

The read-only shelf

Recognise all of these instantly. Only the last row — συμπεριλαμβανομένου / εξαιρουμένου — is one you will ever have reason to write yourself.

PhraseMeansRegisterEveryday Greek
τηρουμένων των αναλογιώνallowing for the difference in scale(journalistic)κρατώντας τις αναλογίες
ούτως εχόντων των πραγμάτωνthings being as they are(legal, literary)έτσι όπως είναι τα πράγματα
απόντος / παρόντος του …in the absence / presence of …(legal, minutes)χωρίς να είναι εκεί ο …
δεδομένου ότιgiven that(formal)αφού, επειδή
προκειμένου ναin order to(formal)για να
συμπεριλαμβανομένου / εξαιρουμένουincluding / excluding(administrative)μαζί με / εκτός από

Τηρουμένων των αναλογιών, η σημερινή κρίση θυμίζει εκείνη της δεκαετίας του ογδόντα.

tiruménon ton analoyón, i simeriní krísi thimízi ekíni tis dhekaetías tu oghdhónda

Allowing for the difference in scale, today's crisis is reminiscent of the one in the eighties. (journalistic)

Ούτως εχόντων των πραγμάτων, η συζήτηση αναβάλλεται επ' αόριστον.

útos echóndon ton praghmáton, i sizítisi anaválete ep' aóriston

Things being as they are, the discussion is postponed indefinitely. (legal)

Απόντος του προέδρου, τη συνεδρίαση διηύθυνε ο αντιπρόεδρος.

apóndos tu proédhru, ti sinedhríasi dhiífthine o andipróedhros

The chairman being absent, the vice-chairman ran the meeting. (formal, minutes)

💡
Do not treat this as a productive pattern and start coining absolutes from modern verbs — there is no ×φεύγοντος του Γιάννη in today's Greek, and the attempt reads as parody. The list is closed, it is short, and the payoff is entirely in reading: knowing that δεδομένου ότι is "because" and εξαιρουμένων is "except" turns a paragraph of officialese into ordinary information.

Common Mistakes

1. Leaving συμπεριλαμβανομένου in the singular before a plural noun. The participle copies the noun phrase that follows it.

❌ Το ποσό καλύπτει τα πάντα, συμπεριλαμβανομένου των εξόδων αποστολής.

Incorrect — τα έξοδα is neuter plural, so the participle is συμπεριλαμβανομένων.

✅ Το ποσό καλύπτει τα πάντα, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των εξόδων αποστολής.

to posó kalípti ta pánda, simberilamvanoménon ton eksódhon apostolís

The amount covers everything, shipping costs included.

2. Using the neuter δεδομένο instead of the frozen genitive. Το δεδομένο is a noun ("a datum"); the connector is δεδομένου.

❌ Δεδομένο ότι δεν έχουμε στοιχεία, δεν μπορούμε να αποφανθούμε.

Incorrect — the connector is frozen in the genitive: Δεδομένου ότι.

✅ Δεδομένου ότι δεν έχουμε στοιχεία, δεν μπορούμε να αποφανθούμε.

dhedhoménu óti dhen échume stichía, dhen borúme na apofanthúme

Given that we have no data, we can't reach a conclusion.

3. Using προκειμένου να to say what is going to happen. It introduces a purpose, never a plan; "is due to" is πρόκειται να.

❌ Προκειμένου να ανακοινωθούν τα αποτελέσματα την Παρασκευή.

Incorrect for this meaning — προκειμένου να is 'in order to' and needs a main clause; 'are due to be announced' is Πρόκειται να.

✅ Πρόκειται να ανακοινωθούν τα αποτελέσματα την Παρασκευή.

prókite na anakinothún ta apotelézmata tin Paraskeví

The results are due to be announced on Friday.

4. Giving the modern gerund the fossil's genitive. Λαμβάνοντας is an ordinary verb form and wants an ordinary object.

❌ Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη του κόστους, αποφασίσαμε να αναβάλουμε το ταξίδι.

Incorrect — the gerund takes an accusative object: λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το κόστος. The genitive belongs to the fossil λαμβανομένου υπόψη του κόστους.

✅ Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τα νέα στοιχεία, αποφασίσαμε να αναβάλουμε το ταξίδι.

lamvánondas ipópsi ta néa stichía, apofasísame na anaválume to taksídhi

Taking the new information into account, we decided to put the trip off.

Key Takeaways

  • These connectors are frozen genitive absolutes: a participle plus its own genitive subject, standing outside the main clause — the ancient answer to the problem the modern gerund cannot solve.
  • Most of the participles inside them are middle -όμενος / -ούμενος forms in the genitive (λαμβανομένου, τηρουμένων, εξαιρουμένων); δεδομένου / δεδομένης is a -μένος perfect participle and εχόντων, απόντος the active one, frozen the same way.
  • One live rule: συμπεριλαμβανομένου / εξαιρουμένου agree with the noun phrase that follows-ου before a singular, -ων before a plural.
  • Δεδομένου ότι is invariable because an ότι-clause offers nothing to agree with; δεδομένης της κατάστασης agrees because a noun phrase does.
  • Προκειμένου να = "in order to" (formal); πρόκειται να = "is due to". Same verb, opposite jobs.
  • The fossil takes a genitive (λαμβανομένου υπόψη του κόστους), the modern gerund an accusative (λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το κόστος). Both are correct; the second is the one you can use in speech.
  • Recognise the shelf — τηρουμένων των αναλογιών, ούτως εχόντων των πραγμάτων, απόντος του … — and translate it down to αφού, για να, μαζί με, εκτός από when you write yourself.

Now practice Greek

Reading grammar gets you part of the way. The exercises are where it sticks — free, no signup needed.

Start learning Greek

Related Topics

  • Learned Active Participles (-ων/-οντας)C1The ancient active participle seen from the verb's side: one -οντ- stem, three descendants — the frozen everyday gerund -οντας, the declined learned active -ων / -ουσα / -ον (ο ισχύων νόμος, η υπάρχουσα κατάσταση), and the middle participle in -όμενος / -ούμενος (οι εργαζόμενοι, τα εισερχόμενα, ο κατηγορούμενος), which is the one corner of the system still being used to make new words — plus how these participles head whole phrases like reduced relative clauses, why they negate with μη, and the -όμενος / -μένος split between a process and a result.
  • Fossilized Dative ExpressionsC1The ancient dative endings still embedded in modern Greek phrases — εν ολίγοις, εν μέρει, εν γνώσει, τω όντι, εν προκειμένω and the whole εν-family — how to recognise a fossil by its ending, what register each one belongs to, and why you must never build a new one.