This original forecast uses the compact style of a spoken regional bulletin. Weather verbs such as pluvi, neĝi, and tondri can form complete clauses without a subject. Future -os places the events on tomorrow's timeline, while place correlatives such as kie, tie, and ĉie prevent repeated geographical phrases.
See Impersonal Verbs for the full clause pattern; this forecast demonstrates how it works alongside ordinary noun subjects and geographical cohesion.
Complete forecast
Morgaŭ matene estos nube en la nordo, kaj kelkloke pluvos. En la okcidento la pluvo ĉesos antaŭtagmeze, sed tie restos vente. Posttagmeze la nuboj moviĝos orienten, kie eble tondros. Kie aperos fortaj ŝtormoj, tie la vento povos atingi okdek kilometrojn hore. En la sudo la suno brilos dum kelkaj horoj, tamen ĉie estos pli malvarme ol hodiaŭ. Nokte neĝos en la montoj. Se vi veturos frumatene, kontrolu la lokan prognozon antaŭ ol ekiri.
The forecast is journalistic in style: short clauses divide the region by time and place, and the final sentence turns information into practical advice. It is not tied to a real date or territory, so its weather claims are illustrative rather than factual.
A subjectless forecast opening
Morgaŭ matene estos nube en la nordo, kaj kelkloke pluvos.
Tomorrow morning it will be cloudy in the north, and it will rain in some places.
English inserts dummy it twice. Esperanto does not. Estos nube is a subjectless descriptive clause: the -e word nube characterizes the general conditions. Pluvos is likewise complete without ĝi. Detailed grammar treats pluvi and comparable weather verbs as capable of subjectless use.
Morgaŭ matene combines the primitive time adverb morgaŭ with matene, an -e form naming the part of day. Kelkloke is an ordinary compound meaning “in some places”; it narrows the rain without identifying each locality.
Fresh imitation:
Dimanĉe vespere estos serene, sed apud la marbordo ventos forte.
On Sunday evening it will be clear, but near the coast it will be very windy.
A named weather noun can still be a subject
En la okcidento la pluvo ĉesos antaŭtagmeze, sed tie restos vente.
In the west the rain will stop before noon, but it will remain windy there.
The first clause does have a subject: la pluvo is the particular rain just forecast, and it will stop. This does not contradict subjectless pluvos. Esperanto can choose a weather verb with no subject or a noun-centered clause when the weather phenomenon becomes the topic.
Tie resumes en la okcidento, avoiding repetition. Restos vente again uses an adverbial predicate for general conditions. The contrast marker sed warns that the end of rain does not imply calm weather.
Fresh imitation:
Ĉe la lago la nebulo malaperos post la naŭa, sed tie restos malvarme.
At the lake the fog will disappear after nine, but it will remain cold there.
Movement through the forecast map
Posttagmeze la nuboj moviĝos orienten, kie eble tondros.
In the afternoon the clouds will move eastward, where there may be thunder.
La nuboj is an ordinary plural subject. Moviĝos uses -iĝ- because the clouds themselves change position. Orienten is oriente plus directional -n, indicating movement toward the east. The relative kie then refers to that eastern area and anchors the subjectless tondros there.
Eble scopes over tondros and expresses uncertainty. Forecasts necessarily distinguish prediction from certainty; the form is grammatically the same in everyday conversation.
Fresh imitation:
La pluvzono moviĝos suden, kie ĝi malfortiĝos vespere.
The rain band will move southward, where it will weaken in the evening.
Paired kie ... tie organizes conditional geography
Kie aperos fortaj ŝtormoj, tie la vento povos atingi okdek kilometrojn hore.
Where strong storms develop, the wind may reach eighty kilometers per hour.
The opening kie clause does not ask a question. It means “in places where.” Tie in the main clause points back to the same set of places. This kie ... tie pairing makes the geographical condition explicit.
Povos atingi marks forecast possibility: conditions may allow the wind to reach that speed. Okdek kilometrojn hore expresses a rate. The plural accusative phrase measures the number of kilometers, while hore supplies the per-hour unit. It is not the object of atingi in the same way as a destination noun; measure constructions have their own accusative use.
Fresh imitation:
Kie la vojoj glaciiĝos, tie veturantoj devos malrapidigi siajn veturilojn.
Where the roads become icy, drivers will have to slow their vehicles down.
Contrast across regions and times
En la sudo la suno brilos dum kelkaj horoj, tamen ĉie estos pli malvarme ol hodiaŭ.
In the south the sun will shine for several hours; nevertheless, it will be colder everywhere than today.
The south receives sun, but tamen blocks the inference that it will be warm. Ĉie generalizes the colder conditions to every part of the forecast area. Pli malvarme ol hodiaŭ is an adverbial comparison because the clause describes general conditions without a nominal subject. Ol introduces the comparison point.
Dum kelkaj horoj gives duration with dum. In forecast prose, exact time windows matter because readers plan activities around them.
Fresh imitation:
La ĉielo heliĝos posttagmeze, tamen ĉie restos iom vente.
The sky will brighten in the afternoon; nevertheless, it will remain somewhat windy everywhere.
Night weather and practical advice
Nokte neĝos en la montoj.
At night it will snow in the mountains.
Nokte answers when; en la montoj answers where. Neĝos needs neither an expressed subject nor an object. A noun can be added only if it has a genuine semantic role, not merely to imitate English it.
Se vi veturos frumatene, kontrolu la lokan prognozon antaŭ ol ekiri.
If you travel early in the morning, check the local forecast before setting off.
The real future condition uses veturos. The advice uses directive kontrolu. Antaŭ ol introduces the later infinitive ekiri, whose understood subject is the same traveler. The forecast ends with reader-centered action, a common rhetorical move in public-service weather reporting.
Fresh imitation:
Se nokte frostos, portu varmajn vestojn kaj atentu pri glacio.
If it freezes at night, wear warm clothes and watch out for ice.
Register and cultural interpretation
Forecast vocabulary is broadly international, but units and geographic assumptions are not. This text gives wind speed in kilometers per hour and organizes space by compass directions. Another Esperanto bulletin may use meters per second, named provinces, or a map. Good international communication states the unit and reference area rather than assuming every listener shares local conventions.
The compact noun phrases and repeated future forms are journalistic in style, not archaic. Literary weather description (literary) might personify the wind or clouds, but that would change the rhetoric, not establish a competing grammatical norm. Corpus usage supports both subjectless weather verbs and noun-centered alternatives; the writer chooses according to topic.
Calibrating certainty
A forecast is not made more grammatical by sounding more certain. Adverbs and modal verbs let the writer distinguish high-confidence timing from a genuine possibility. Verŝajne presents the forecast as probable; eble leaves it open; povos says that conditions will permit an outcome.
La pluvo verŝajne komenciĝos post la kvina, sed ie ĝi povos komenciĝi pli frue.
The rain will probably begin after five, but somewhere it may begin earlier.
Here la pluvo is the continuing topic, so the later ĝi has a real referent. This differs fundamentally from dummy ĝi before subjectless pluvos. The form is not banned from weather reports; it must simply refer to an actual noun phrase.
Eble fulmos dum la nokto, kvankam forta ŝtormo estas malverŝajna.
There may be lightning during the night, although a strong storm is unlikely.
Responsible forecast language keeps the grammatical future separate from confidence. -os locates the prediction in time; eble, verŝajne, and related expressions state how firmly the forecaster endorses it.
Common Mistakes
Adding dummy ĝi to a weather verb
❌ Ĝi pluvos en la nordo morgaŭ.
Incorrect — ĝi would need a real referent; pluvi is subjectless here.
✅ Pluvos en la nordo morgaŭ.
It will rain in the north tomorrow.
Using an adjective in a subjectless description
❌ Morgaŭ estos nuba.
Incorrect without a noun subject — the general condition requires an adverb.
✅ Morgaŭ estos nube.
It will be cloudy tomorrow.
Treating kie as a question in a relative clause
❌ La nuboj moviĝos orienten, ĉu kie tondros.
Incorrect — the place clause is relative, not a yes–no question.
✅ La nuboj moviĝos orienten, kie tondros.
The clouds will move eastward, where there will be thunder.
Using a weather noun without a verb
❌ Morgaŭ neĝo en la montoj.
Incorrect as a complete neutral sentence — this is only a noun phrase.
✅ Morgaŭ neĝos en la montoj.
Tomorrow it will snow in the mountains.
Key Takeaways
Weather verbs can stand without a subject: pluvos, neĝos, tondros. When a weather noun becomes the topic, it can instead be an ordinary subject: la pluvo ĉesos. Future -os maintains the forecast time frame, directional -n moves phenomena orienten/suden, and correlatives such as kie, tie, and ĉie connect each prediction to its area without repetitive wording.
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