Ĉiu: The Universal Individual Correlative

Ĉiu means “each” or “every”: it ranges over all members of a contextually relevant group, one individual at a time and without exception. Its plural ĉiuj presents all the individuals together as a group. English “everyone” and “all” often blur this distinction, but Esperanto can make the distributive-versus-collective viewpoint explicit. All unlabelled uses on this page are neutral in register.

Its Place in the 5×9 System

The 45 table words combine five fixed initials with nine fixed endings. The initial ĉi- expresses universal, all-inclusive force. The ending -u selects an individual person, object, or other identifiable member of a set.

InitialForceIndividual form
ki-question or relativekiu — which individual
ti-demonstrativetiu — that individual
i-indefiniteiu — some individual
ĉi-universalĉiu — every individual
neni-negativeneniu — no individual

The table-word initial ĉi- is not the separate proximity particle ĉi in ĉi tiu. Here it means total coverage, not nearness.

Ĉiu gasto ricevis nomŝildon ĉe la enirejo.

Every guest received a name badge at the entrance.

Ĉu ĉiu fenestro estas fermita?

Is every window closed?

In both, the claim is checked member by member. The noun is singular because ĉiu asks us to consider one member at a time, even though the overall meaning includes many members.

Ĉiu versus Ĉiuj

Use singular ĉiu for a distributive view: each separate member satisfies the claim. Use plural ĉiuj when the set is presented together as a whole group. Sometimes both describe the same facts, but the viewpoint can matter.

Ĉiu kuranto ricevis botelon da akvo.

Each runner received a bottle of water.

Ĉiuj kurantoj kunvenis antaŭ la urbodomo.

All the runners gathered in front of city hall.

Receiving a bottle naturally distributes one bottle to each runner. Gathering is a group event, so ĉiuj is the natural choice. Compare another minimal pair:

Post la ekzameno ĉiu estis laca.

After the exam, each person was tired.

Post la ekzameno ĉiuj estis lacaj.

After the exam, everyone was tired.

Both are standard. Singular ĉiu ... laca emphasizes the fact separately for every participant; plural ĉiuj ... lacaj treats them collectively. The predicate adjective follows the grammatical number.

When ĉiu/ĉiuj stands alone, a noun is understood. Without a contrary context, a human referent is the usual interpretation: ĉiu “everyone/each person,” ĉiuj “everyone/all the people.” Objects are equally possible when context supplies them.

Mi montris tri desegnojn, kaj ĉiuj plaĉis al la kliento.

I showed three designs, and the client liked all of them.

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Choose ĉiu when “one by one” captures the intended view; choose ĉiuj when “the whole group” does.

Number and Accusative

All -u table words can take plural -j and accusative -n. Their four core forms are therefore ĉiu, ĉiuj, ĉiun, and ĉiujn.

FormTypical meaningExample phrase
ĉiueach/every, subject or after prepositionĉiu propono
ĉiujall, plural subject or after prepositionĉiuj proponoj
ĉiuneach/every, direct objectĉiun proponon
ĉiujnall, plural direct objectĉiujn proponojn

When a noun and ordinary adjectives follow, every agreeing word carries the required number and case.

La redaktoro kontrolis ĉiun gravan detalon.

The editor checked every important detail.

Ni invitis ĉiujn novajn membrojn al la vespermanĝo.

We invited all the new members to dinner.

After a preposition, no accusative is added unless an independent directional rule requires it; al ĉiu partoprenanto, kun ĉiuj kolegoj.

A Determiner without La

Ĉiu and ĉiuj are determiners. They directly establish which range of individuals is meant, so standard Esperanto does not put la before them: ĉiu tago, ĉiuj tagoj, not la ĉiu tago or la ĉiuj tagoj.

Ĉiu teamo elektu unu reprezentanton.

Each team should choose one representative.

Ĉiuj butikoj en nia strato estas fermitaj dimanĉe.

All the shops on our street are closed on Sundays.

With a personal pronoun, ĉiuj normally follows: ni ĉiuj, vi ĉiuj, ili ĉiuj. The pronoun already identifies the group; ĉiuj says that no member is excluded.

Ni ĉiuj konsentis, sed neniu volis paroli unue.

We all agreed, but nobody wanted to speak first.

Ĉu ĉiuj jam alvenis? — Ne; Marta ankoraŭ estas survoje.

Has everyone arrived already? — No; Marta is still on the way.

This order is established neutral usage. Ĉiuj ni is also possible when universal scope is strongly foregrounded (emphatic), but ni ĉiuj is the safer recommendation when no special focus is intended.

El-Phrases and Explicit Sets

Use ĉiu el + plural group for “each one of” and ĉiuj el + plural group for “all of.” The preposition is el, because the individuals are selected from a set.

Al ĉiu el la infanoj ni donis po du glumarkojn.

We gave two stickers to each of the children.

Ĉiuj el la proponoj havas almenaŭ unu gravan mankon.

All of the proposals have at least one serious flaw.

The first combines distributive ĉiu with distributive po du: each child receives two. The second makes a plural claim about the whole proposal set.

Scope with Negation

Ne ĉiu means “not every / not everyone”: at least one exception exists, but some members may still satisfy the statement. Neniu means “no one / none”: the satisfying set is empty. English speakers often accidentally strengthen the first into the second.

Ne ĉiu kandidato havas antaŭan sperton.

Not every candidate has previous experience.

Neniu kandidato havas antaŭan sperton.

No candidate has previous experience.

This is a scope contrast. In careful prose (academic), keeping ne immediately before ĉiu makes the intended partial negation easy to recognize.

The distributive subject also controls sia in the ordinary way:

Ĉiu kunportu sian pasporton kaj sian bileton.

Everyone should bring their own passport and ticket.

Each person brings the documents belonging to that same person. The singular form supports the member-by-member interpretation.

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Put ne before ĉiu for “not every.” Use neniu only when you mean that there are no qualifying individuals at all.

Norm, Variation, and Usage

The foundational norm licenses -j and -n on all -u words and treats them as determiners without la. The semantic difference between ĉiu and ĉiuj is established usage: separate individuals versus the group together. In contexts where that viewpoint has no practical effect, both may be accepted; the agreement must still match the chosen form. For learner prose, choose deliberately rather than treating singular and plural as interchangeable translations of English “everyone.”

Common Mistakes

Combining singular ĉiu with a plural noun

❌ Ĉiu studentoj devas registriĝi ĝis vendredo.

Incorrect — singular ĉiu requires a singular noun; Esperanto verbs do not change for number.

✅ Ĉiu studento devas registriĝi ĝis vendredo.

Every student must register by Friday.

Forgetting plural agreement with ĉiuj

❌ Ĉiuj raporto estas preta.

Incorrect — ĉiuj makes the noun phrase plural.

✅ Ĉiuj raportoj estas pretaj.

All the reports are ready.

Omitting accusative agreement

❌ Mi legis ĉiuj demandoj.

Incorrect — the plural direct object needs -n throughout.

✅ Mi legis ĉiujn demandojn.

I read all the questions.

Adding the article

❌ La ĉiu gasto ricevis mapon.

Incorrect — ĉiu is already a determiner.

✅ Ĉiu gasto ricevis mapon.

Every guest received a map.

Key Takeaways

Ĉiu combines universal ĉi- with individual -u. Singular ĉiu distributes a statement over members separately; plural ĉiuj presents all members together. The forms freely take case and number—ĉiu, ĉiuj, ĉiun, ĉiujn—and exclude la. Keep partial ne ĉiu distinct from absolute neniu. See both, each, and every and case and number on correlatives for the wider system.

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Related Topics

  • The Table-Word SystemA1 — Learn Esperanto's 45 table words as a five-by-nine meaning system for questions, demonstrations, indefinites, universals, and negatives.
  • Correlative Endings and Their MeaningsA1 — Learn the nine fixed correlative endings that select identity, thing, kind, possessor, place, time, reason, manner, and quantity.
  • Case and Number on CorrelativesA2 — Learn exactly which correlative families accept plural -j, object -n, or directional -n, and which remain invariant.
  • Ĉio: The Universal Thing CorrelativeB2 — Use ĉio for the totality of things or matters, ĉion as an object, and postposed modifiers such as ĉio grava.
  • Both, Each, and EveryB1 — How ambaŭ, ĉiu, ĉiuj, and tuta distinguish a pair, separate members, a complete group, and a whole entity.
  • All, Some, and NoB1 — How Esperanto selects a complete set, an indefinite subset, or an empty set with ĉiuj, kelkaj, iuj, and neniu.