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<p>
	The most commonly used particle in conjunction with time is the <strong>に</strong>-particle.
	Up until now, you have used this particle to show presence at or movement towards a destination.
	In addition to that usage, it also means <strong>at</strong> when following a time.
</p>


<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="27236"></tr>
		<tr data-item="27238"></tr>
		<tr data-item="27239"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that though <strong>に</strong> is used with the time expressions including hours, weekdays and months.
	There are other cases in which they are not used together with a time expression, as in the sentences below which you have learned earlier.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25635"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25436"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Time and the に-particle

<h4>Group 1 verbs</h4>

<p>
	In Japanese, all verbs end in an <strong>u</strong> sound.
	Most verbs can be divided into two groups, called <strong>Group 1</strong> and <strong>Group 2</strong>.
	In this lesson we will focus on <strong>Group 1</strong> verbs and in the next lesson we will look at <strong>Group 2</strong> verbs.
</p>

<p>
	In the table below you can see four verbs from Group 1, both in the form in which you will find them in the dictionary, and in their more polite <strong>long form</strong>.
	You will learn all verbs in their <strong>dictionary form</strong> first, since this will help you later on when you need to conjugate them in different ways.
	However, while making sentences we will start by using the long form, because you can more safely use neutral speech in a wide variety of circumstances.
</p>

<p>
	As you can see, converting verbs in Group 1 into the long form is easy and consists of two steps:	
</p>

<ol>
	<li>Replace the ending <strong>u</strong> sound with an <strong>i</strong> sound to obtain the <strong>stem</strong>.</li>
	<li>Add <strong>ます</strong> to the end.</li>
</ol>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Dictionary form (casual)</th>
			<th>Stem</th>
			<th>Long form (neutral/formal)</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>to buy</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>う<br/>kau</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>い<br/>kai</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>います<br/>kaimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to drink</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>む<br/>nomu</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>み<br/>nomi</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>みます<br/>nomimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to enter</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>る<br/>hairu</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>り<br/>hairi</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>ります<br/>hairimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to meet, to see</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>う<br/>au</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>い<br/>ai</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>います<br/>aimasu</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The verbs in the table above are in the <strong>non-past tense</strong>.
	They refer to habitual actions or to actions that will happen in the future.
	You can compare this to a combination of the <strong>present simple</strong> and the <strong>future</strong> tense in English.
	Soon after this, you will learn about the <strong>past tense</strong>.
	Later in this course you will learn the <strong>progressive tense</strong> to talk about things that are happening right now, comparable to the English <strong>present continuous</strong>.
</p>

<h4>Direct and indirect objects</h4>

<p>
	The verbs <strong><ruby>買kaう</ruby></strong> and <strong><ruby>飲noむ</ruby></strong> go together with a <strong>direct object</strong>, whereas <strong><ruby>入haiる</ruby></strong> and <strong><ruby>会aう</ruby></strong> go together with an indirect object.
	<strong>Direct objects</strong> are often directly affected by an action in the sense that the action is <strong>performed on the direct object</strong>.
	<strong>Indirect objects</strong> are less directly affected, and there is often a sense of <strong>movement toward the indirect object</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	Direct objects are often followed by the direct object particle <strong>を</strong>, whereas indirect objects are often followed by the indirect object particle <strong>に</strong>.
	The particle <strong>を</strong> is pronounced as <strong>o</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25434"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25439"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25435"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25436"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Group 1 verbs, direct and indirect objects

<p>
	In this lesson you will learn how to negate verbs in the past tense in Japanese.
	Again, this is very easy to do, we just replace <strong>ます</strong> by <strong>ません　でした</strong>.
	<strong>でした</strong> is the past form of <strong>です</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25631"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25630"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25635"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Just as with <strong><ruby>何nani</ruby>か</strong>, we don't use the object particle <strong>を</strong> after <strong><ruby>何nani</ruby>も</strong>.
</p>

Negating past verbs

hiragana character

kanji

adnominal

adverb

auxiliary

conjunction

compound

i-adjective

interjection

noun

na-adjective

numeral

particle

case particle

conjunctive particle

discourse particle

prefix

pronoun

suffix

verb

sentence

hiragana writing

kanji writing

kanji component

reading vocabulary

katakana writing

katakana character

godan - group 1

itidan - group 2

group 3

transitive

intransitive

proper noun

discourse

phrase

expression

adjectival noun

adverbial phrase

adjectival phrase

The verb to be

Hiragana 1

Kanji 1

Writing hiragana 1

Writing kanji 1

Hiragana 2

Kanji 2

The question particle か

Writing hiragana 2

This one and that one

Writing kanji 2

Reading exercise 1

Reading exercise 2

Hiragana 3

Negating nouns

Writing hiragana 3

The topic particle は

Kanji 3

The possession particle の

い-adjectives and な-adjectives

The subject particle が

Here and there

There is, there are

Writing kanji 3

Kanji 4

Group 2 verbs

Hiragana 4

Verbs in the past tense

Negating verbs

Invitations and the particle と

Writing hiragana 4

Reading exercise 3

Writing kanji 4

Reading exercise 4

Kanji 5

Nouns and the past tense

This and that

The group 3 verbs する and 来る

The discourse particles ね and よ

The location particles に and で

Hiragana 5

Writing hiragana 5

Writing kanji 5

The destination particles に and へ

Kanji 6

The origin particle から

Hiragana 6

Relative positions

Conjugating い-adjectives

Writing hiragana 6

Writing kanji 6

Hiragana 7

Writing hiragana 7

Kanji 7

Conjugating な-adjectives

How are you?

The particle も

Question	Answer
ticket	チケットchiketto
I bought the tickets at eight o'clock.	私わたし　は　八はち時じ　に　チケット　を　買かいました。watashi wa hachiji ni chiketto o kaimashita.
New York	ニュー　ヨークnyuu yooku
She went to New York in February.	彼かの女じょ　は　二に月がつ　に　ニュー　ヨーク　に　行いきました。kanojo wa nigatsu ni nyuu yooku ni ikimashita.
Would you like to do something on Friday?	金きん曜よう日び　に　何なにか　しません　か？kinyoubi ni nanika shimasen ka?

Japanese 86 - Time and the に-particle

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