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<p>
	The negative form is often used together with the question particle <strong>か</strong> to invite someone to do something in a polite way.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25598"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The particle <strong>と</strong> can be used to mean <strong>with</strong>.
	In later lessons you will learn more uses for the particle <strong>と</strong>.
</p>

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	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
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	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25600"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25602"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Note that after <strong><ruby>何nani</ruby>か</strong>, we don't use the object particle <strong>を</strong>.
</p>

<p>
    The verb <strong><ruby>会aう</ruby></strong> you've learned earlier can be used both with <strong>に</strong> and with <strong>と</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
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	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25436"></tr>
		<tr data-item="292387"></tr>
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<p>
    These sentences mean practically the same, but there is a slight difference in nuance,
    as the first sentence focuses more on the <strong>direction</strong> aspect of the action,
    whereas the second sentence has more focus on the <strong>mutual</strong> of <strong>shared</strong> aspect of the action.
</p>


Invitations and the particle と

<h4>Group 1 verbs</h4>

<p>
	In Japanese, all verbs end in an <strong>u</strong> sound.
	Most verbs can be divided into two groups, called <strong>Group 1</strong> and <strong>Group 2</strong>.
	In this lesson we will focus on <strong>Group 1</strong> verbs and in the next lesson we will look at <strong>Group 2</strong> verbs.
</p>

<p>
	In the table below you can see four verbs from Group 1, both in the form in which you will find them in the dictionary, and in their more polite <strong>long form</strong>.
	You will learn all verbs in their <strong>dictionary form</strong> first, since this will help you later on when you need to conjugate them in different ways.
	However, while making sentences we will start by using the long form, because you can more safely use neutral speech in a wide variety of circumstances.
</p>

<p>
	As you can see, converting verbs in Group 1 into the long form is easy and consists of two steps:	
</p>

<ol>
	<li>Replace the ending <strong>u</strong> sound with an <strong>i</strong> sound to obtain the <strong>stem</strong>.</li>
	<li>Add <strong>ます</strong> to the end.</li>
</ol>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Dictionary form (casual)</th>
			<th>Stem</th>
			<th>Long form (neutral/formal)</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>to buy</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>う<br/>kau</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>い<br/>kai</td>
			<td><ruby>買ka</ruby>います<br/>kaimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to drink</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>む<br/>nomu</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>み<br/>nomi</td>
			<td><ruby>飲no</ruby>みます<br/>nomimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to enter</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>る<br/>hairu</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>り<br/>hairi</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>ります<br/>hairimasu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>to meet, to see</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>う<br/>au</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>い<br/>ai</td>
			<td><ruby>会a</ruby>います<br/>aimasu</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The verbs in the table above are in the <strong>non-past tense</strong>.
	They refer to habitual actions or to actions that will happen in the future.
	You can compare this to a combination of the <strong>present simple</strong> and the <strong>future</strong> tense in English.
	Soon after this, you will learn about the <strong>past tense</strong>.
	Later in this course you will learn the <strong>progressive tense</strong> to talk about things that are happening right now, comparable to the English <strong>present continuous</strong>.
</p>

<h4>Direct and indirect objects</h4>

<p>
	The verbs <strong><ruby>買kaう</ruby></strong> and <strong><ruby>飲noむ</ruby></strong> go together with a <strong>direct object</strong>, whereas <strong><ruby>入haiる</ruby></strong> and <strong><ruby>会aう</ruby></strong> go together with an indirect object.
	<strong>Direct objects</strong> are often directly affected by an action in the sense that the action is <strong>performed on the direct object</strong>.
	<strong>Indirect objects</strong> are less directly affected, and there is often a sense of <strong>movement toward the indirect object</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	Direct objects are often followed by the direct object particle <strong>を</strong>, whereas indirect objects are often followed by the indirect object particle <strong>に</strong>.
	The particle <strong>を</strong> is pronounced as <strong>o</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="25434"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25439"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25435"></tr>
		<tr data-item="25436"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Group 1 verbs, direct and indirect objects

hiragana character

kanji

adnominal

adverb

auxiliary

conjunction

compound

i-adjective

interjection

noun

na-adjective

numeral

particle

case particle

conjunctive particle

discourse particle

prefix

pronoun

suffix

verb

sentence

hiragana writing

kanji writing

kanji component

reading vocabulary

katakana writing

katakana character

godan - group 1

itidan - group 2

group 3

transitive

intransitive

proper noun

discourse

phrase

expression

adjectival noun

adverbial phrase

adjectival phrase

The verb to be

Hiragana 1

Kanji 1

Writing hiragana 1

Writing kanji 1

Hiragana 2

Kanji 2

The question particle か

Writing hiragana 2

This one and that one

Writing kanji 2

Reading exercise 1

Reading exercise 2

Hiragana 3

Negating nouns

Writing hiragana 3

The topic particle は

Kanji 3

The possession particle の

い-adjectives and な-adjectives

The subject particle が

Here and there

There is, there are

Writing kanji 3

Kanji 4

Group 2 verbs

Hiragana 4

Verbs in the past tense

Negating verbs

Negating past verbs

Writing hiragana 4

Reading exercise 3

Writing kanji 4

Reading exercise 4

Kanji 5

Nouns and the past tense

This and that

The group 3 verbs する and 来る

The discourse particles ね and よ

The location particles に and で

Hiragana 5

Writing hiragana 5

Writing kanji 5

The destination particles に and へ

Kanji 6

The origin particle から

Hiragana 6

Relative positions

Conjugating い-adjectives

Writing hiragana 6

Writing kanji 6

Hiragana 7

Writing hiragana 7

Kanji 7

Conjugating な-adjectives

How are you?

The particle も

The word ちょっと

Reading exercise 7

Question	Answer
something	何なにかnanika
Won't you drink something?	何なにか　飲のみません　か？nanika nomimasen ka?
and; or; with	とto
Won't you drink something with me?	私わたし　と　何なにか　飲のみません　か？watashi to nanika nomimasen ka?
Won't you eat something with me tomorrow?	明あ日した　私わたし　と　何なにか　食たべません　か？ashita watashi to nanika tabemasen ka?
I will meet you tomorrow.	明あ日した　あなた　と　会あいます。ashita anata to aimasu.

Japanese 34 - Invitations and the particle と

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