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Proto-Indo-European

<p><strong>Proto-Indo-European</strong> has 15 distinct personal pronouns. This lesson will cover the singular ones:</p>
	<p><table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Personal pronouns</th>
                <th>Singular</th>
                
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>First-person</td>
                <td>éǵħ</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
               <td>Second-person</td>
                <td>túħ</td>
                
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Male)</td>
             <td>éy</td>
              
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Female)</td>
             <td>íħ</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Neuter)</td>
             <td>íd</td>
              
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
<p>Note the special accents. The grave accent, while on a vowel, simply marks <strong>stress</strong>, while on a consonant (seen in "éǵħ") it marks <strong>palatization</strong>. Also, <strong>ħ</strong> represents the <strong>voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/</strong> (for those familiar with the <strong>laryngeal theory</strong>, it represents h₂) </p>
</p>

Singular Pronouns

<p>Pronouns are not always necessary. One could say "Hésmi" instead of "Éǵħ hésmi" ("I am"), as stating the pronoun might be redundant.<p></p>
	The vowel inside of the parentheses is called a <strong>thematic vowel</strong>. It replaces the last vowel in the word it's being attached to. This might make more sense if you just try it in the lesson.
</p>

Basic Roots and Suffixes

<p>
    <strong>Hésmi</strong> "to be" and <strong>hédti</strong> "to eat" both do not have an attached suffix, and aren't conjugated like (Ø)-yéti.
</p>

"To be" and “to eat”

Prefixes

Nouns and using the Negative Particle

<p>
	In <strong>Proto-Indo-European</strong>, there are <strong>three</strong> grammatical numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural, as opposed to English, which only has two.<p>The Plural number is only used when there is <strong>more than two</strong> of something. When there is only two, we would use the Dual number, but we'll save that for another lesson. Here are all of the Plural personal pronouns:</p></p>
	<p><table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Personal pronouns</th>
                <th>Plural</th>
                
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>First-person</td>
                <td>wéy</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
               <td>Second-person</td>
                <td>yû</td>
                
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Male)</td>
             <td>éyes</td>
              
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Female)</td>
             <td>íħes</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Neuter)</td>
             <td>íħ</td>
              
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
<p>Note how the <strong>neuter third-person plural</strong> is the same as the <strong>female third-person singular</strong>. Keep this in mind, as it might be a bit confusing.</p>
<p>Also, see that <strong>û</strong> charcter in "yû"? That represents a "u" that is both extended <em>and</em> stressed. The same thing goes for <strong>ê</strong>. I had to change the character for that type of combination because Elon.io doesn't support combining diacritics.</p>
</p>

Question	Answer
"apple" (instrumental case)	ħbléh
"apples" (instrumental case)	ħbḷmís
"pay"	gḣeldḣ-
"buy"	kẇreyħ- "ẇ" represents "ʷ"
"I am cutting the apple with an apple"	sékyoħ ħébolṃ ħbléh
"You are buying the tree with apples"	kẇréyħyesi dóru ħbḷmís
"Today, all of us are paying with apples!"	gḣiḱeléwkos, gḣéldḣyomos ħbḷmís!
"I am cutting the tree with an apple"	sékyoħ dóru ħbléh