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Proto-Indo-European

<p><strong>Proto-Indo-European</strong> has 15 distinct personal pronouns. This lesson will cover the singular ones:</p>
	<p><table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Personal pronouns</th>
                <th>Singular</th>
                
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>First-person</td>
                <td>éǵħ</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
               <td>Second-person</td>
                <td>túħ</td>
                
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Male)</td>
             <td>éy</td>
              
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Female)</td>
             <td>íħ</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Neuter)</td>
             <td>íd</td>
              
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
<p>Note the special accents. The grave accent, while on a vowel, simply marks <strong>stress</strong>, while on a consonant (seen in "éǵħ") it marks <strong>palatization</strong>. Also, <strong>ħ</strong> represents the <strong>voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/</strong> (for those familiar with the <strong>laryngeal theory</strong>, it represents h₂) </p>
</p>

Singular Pronouns

<p>Pronouns are not always necessary. One could say "Hésmi" instead of "Éǵħ hésmi" ("I am"), as stating the pronoun might be redundant.<p></p>
	The vowel inside of the parentheses is called a <strong>thematic vowel</strong>. It replaces the last vowel in the word it's being attached to. This might make more sense if you just try it in the lesson.
</p>

Basic Roots and Suffixes

<p>
    <strong>Hésmi</strong> "to be" and <strong>hédti</strong> "to eat" both do not have an attached suffix, and aren't conjugated like (Ø)-yéti.
</p>

"To be" and “to eat”

Prefixes

Nouns and using the Negative Particle

<p>
	In <strong>Proto-Indo-European</strong>, there are <strong>three</strong> grammatical numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural, as opposed to English, which only has two.<p>The Plural number is only used when there is <strong>more than two</strong> of something. When there is only two, we would use the Dual number, but we'll save that for another lesson. Here are all of the Plural personal pronouns:</p></p>
	<p><table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Personal pronouns</th>
                <th>Plural</th>
                
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>First-person</td>
                <td>wéy</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
               <td>Second-person</td>
                <td>yû</td>
                
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Male)</td>
             <td>éyes</td>
              
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Female)</td>
             <td>íħes</td>
            
            </tr>
            <tr>
             <td>Third-person (Neuter)</td>
             <td>íħ</td>
              
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>
<p>Note how the <strong>neuter third-person plural</strong> is the same as the <strong>female third-person singular</strong>. Keep this in mind, as it might be a bit confusing.</p>
<p>Also, see that <strong>û</strong> charcter in "yû"? That represents a "u" that is both extended <em>and</em> stressed. The same thing goes for <strong>ê</strong>. I had to change the character for that type of combination because Elon.io doesn't support combining diacritics.</p>
</p>

Question	Answer
"all of us are [verb]ing" suffix	(Ø)-yómos
"all of you are [verb]ing" suffix	(Ø)-yéte
"all of them are [verb]ing" suffix	(Ø)-yónti
"All of us are cutting"	skyómos
"All of you are walking"	ǵhyéte
"They are all walking towards my house"	proǵhyónti démey moy
"we are all eating"	hdmós
"all of you are eating"	hdté
"they are all eating"	hdénti
"trees"	dóruħ
"apples"	ħéboles
"apples" (accusative case)	ħébolṃs
"we're all eating apples"	hdmós ħébolṃs
"All of you aren't walking towards my house, you're all eating apples!"	ne proǵhyéte démey moy, hdté ħébolṃs!