Chinese, Mandarin

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek, Modern

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Anyeong haseyo - Hello


	Actually I should have written: 안녕하세요 


	But could you have read it?

 So let's remedy right away. Korean Scripture is actually pretty easy once you get the hang of it. It is just different...

The Scripture system is called Hangeul and was created by King Sejong in 1443. The King felt that Chinese writing was too complicated, since it allowed only for 'writers' to read and write but not for the common people. He thus created a new scripture from scratch, its letter forms based on mouth and tongue movements while pronuncing the character. You might not necessarily figure that last one out, but let's not too much go into details about that, let's simply start.
What makes Hangeul so different from our scripture are not the characters themselves. Ok, they look different: ㅈ,ㅂ,ㅁ,ㅌ... but you could simply draw a decode chart : and have ㅈ = j, ㅂ= b ... What makes Hangeul so different is that the scripture is divided into syllable blocks. A block can contain 2 - 4 characters. Sometimes those characters are written next to each other (바) at othertimes beneath each other (봉) or still in a combination of both (밝).But don't worry, there is an easy pattern to it. Remember King Sejeong meant to make things easy :D 
Imagine yourself a syllable as this:




 

 


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020568.jpg" alt="korean syllable with 2 characters " />
 Number 1 is always a consonant.
 Number 2 is always a vowel.
Both places HAVE to be filled in.
 So let's have something to fill in this box:
ㄴ= n - n being a consonant will go into slot 1.
ㅏ= a - a being a vowel will go into slot 2.
which gives us this:



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020577.jpg" alt="syllable block 2" />
Of course in normal writing you are not gonna draw those boxes :D I show you those boxes to give you an idea of where the letters go and how they are spaced. In real life our first word would look like: 나
Now come to read it. We read from left to right. N + a = na - doesn't look to scary yet, does it?
 Na means 'I' as you might use it among friends. There is a more respectful word which we will learn later. Right now we care for reading. So don't go around and blab to anybody...

Let's have another vowel:
ㅣ= i
You could of course now write 'ni', just replacing the second character with our new one... But what if you just wanted to write 'i'. I have told you that a vowel can't be the first letter in a syllable block. The answer to this conundrum is: We have a neutral consonant. It looks like a zero - I like to remember it as such- and it goes into the first box. Like this:


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020578.jpg" alt="syllable block 3" />
i means this
Now try to read this:






<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020582.jpg" alt="syllable block 4" />
Could you read it ?
a-i = child( the two syllables are pronounced seperate.)
You can even write: this child











<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020583.jpg" alt="Syllable block 5" />
이 아이 = i a-i = this child
Time for a new letter:
 ㅂ= b (looks like a glass of beer. So let's write the Korean word for pub We are getting serious now :D The word for beer is maegju btw.








<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020584.jpg" alt="syllable block 6" />
바 = ba = pub

And here we hit our first obstacle. In an ideal world 바 would be pronounced ba > b + a = ba. But languages are made by humans, nothing is ever ideal... :D 
 The character ㅂ = b is pronounced b only when in the middle of a word (or a syllable , if there is only one) otherwise it is pronounced p. So by consequence our 'ba' turns into a pa. Just you wait before this lesson is over I will make you eat pananas XD
 
Let's read some more words:




<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020585.jpg" alt="syllable block 7" />
나이 = na- i = age


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020586.jpg" alt="syllable block 8" />
나비 = na-bi = butterfly.
Here our ㅂ is in the middle of the word, so it remains b. However, ask a Korean to say this word slowly, syllable by syllable to you, because you want to hear whether he said b or p and he will say: na - pi. (because he said seperate syllables) 
So we have to do the calculation on our own
 na + pi = nabi
Don't worry, you will get used to it.
In the meantime have a


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020587.jpg" alt="syllable block 9" />
바나나 = panana = banana

Reading 1: ㄴ, ㅏ, ㅣ, ㅂ

ㄷ = D (at word beginning and end: t) 




<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020588.jpg" alt="syllable box 10" />
바다 = pa-da = the sea






<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020589.jpg" alt="syllable box 11" />
이다 = i-da = to be

ㄹ = r (at the end of a word l )

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020590.jpg" alt="syllable block 12" />
다리 = ta-ri = leg (here our d is at the word beginning and turns into a t )



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020591.jpg" alt="syllable block 13" />
 나라 = na-ra = land / country 

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020592.jpg" alt="syllable block 14" />
다니다 = ta-ni-da = to attend (e.g. school / work)




<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020594.jpg" alt="syllable block 15" />
아니다 = a-ni-da = not to be

ㅐ = ae ( sounds a bit like the 'ea'in yeah)



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020595.jpg" alt="syllable block 16" />
배 = pae = boat / stomach / pear (3 words in 1 go - not bad :D) 
 I am giving you a whole bunch of useless random words - I admit - and you haven't even properly learned how to say hello. I am giving you, what you can read. Please stick with me through a couple of more lessons and you soon will find yourselves reading Korean at ease. 
 anyeong hasseyo means hello btw. and the answer is the same.



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020596.jpg" alt="syllable block 17" />
아내 = a-nae = wife



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020597.jpg" alt="syllable block 18" />
내리다 = nae-ri-da = to get off (a train/ bus)

ㅁ= m 



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020603.jpg" alt="syllable block 19" />
매다 = mae-da = to bind a tie (so far the worst word I taught you:D)



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020604.jpg" alt="syllable block 20" />
다리미 = ta-ri-mi = iron (for pressing clothes)

One more vowel:
ㅓ= aw



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020605.jpg" alt="syllable block 21" />
머리 = maw-ri = head

One last vowel and then we'll call it a day.
ㅔ = e/ay ( like the last letter in pianoforte)


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020606.jpg" alt="syllable block 22" />
어디에 = aw-di-ay = where (to) (direction)

You have come a long way. Let's end this lesson with a chart showing all the characters you have learned.
<table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Vowels</th>
 <th>Consonants</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>아 - a </td>
 <td>ㅂ - b (beginning or end of a word: p)</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>이 - i (ee as in see)</td>
 <td>ㄷ - d (beginning or end of a word: t)</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>어 - aw </td>
 <td>ㅁ - m </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>에 - ay (e as in pianoforte)</td>
 <td>ㄴ - n </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>애 - ae ( as 'ea' in yeah)</td>
 <td>ㄹ - r (if last letter of a word: l)</td>
 
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

Reading 2: ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅐ, ㅁ, ㅓ, ㅔ

Hey welcome back. Let's do something exciting. Let's start on a new type of building block. So far we have been writing letters pretty much the same order as in English and you might have wondered why I fuss so much about drawing charts. But now we will do something new.



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020607.jpg" alt="syllable block 23" />
Let's look at the vowel o:
ㅗ When it stands at the beginning of a syllable and there for gets the 'O' it looks like a little tree. All the rules that I told you about filling in box 1 and box 2 (see Lesson 1) are still valid, even if the boxes are now aligned differently.

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020608.jpg" alt="syllable block 24" />
오 = o 
Btw o is the sino-korean word for five.
 The u (pronounced 'oe' in shoe looks almost the same but it is upside down. ㅜ So when together with O, they don't touch. 

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020609.jpg" alt="syllable block 25" />
우 = u (oe)
 Why do we suddenly need a different building block? It is the vowels which determine the format. All the vowels we have seen in Lesson 1 and 2 ( a, i, e (ay), ae, aw) always go to the right. O and u (oo) always go beneath. 

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020610.jpg" alt="syllable block 26" />
 How do we read this now? Up left- down left- up right - down right. (just follow your numbers and read one block after the other from left to right.
 That gives us here Block 1 no.1: no.2: o Block 2 no.1: m no. 2: u = nomu = tree
Let's give it another try.



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020614.jpg" alt="syllable block 27" />
Block 1 : 라 = ra - Block 2: 디 = di Block 3: 오 = o 
라디오 = Radio
Not to difficult, is it? Let's try some more words.

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020615.jpg" alt="syllable block 28" />
Block 1: 우 = u - Block 2: 비 = bi
우비 = ubi = raincoat

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020616.jpg" alt="syllable block 29" />
Block 1: 오 = o - Block 2: 다 = da
오다 = oda = to come

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020617.jpg" alt="syllable block 30" />
mu = radish (a vegetable)

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020618.jpg" alt="syllable block 31" />
도 = do = also


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020629.jpg" alt="syllable block 32" />
Block 1: 노 = no - Block 2: 래 = rae
 노래 = no-rae = song


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020631.jpg" alt="syllable block 33" />
 Block 1: 부 = pu - Block 2: 부 = pu (remember b at syllable start = p)
 부부 = pu-pu = married couple


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020632.jpg" alt="syllable block 34" />
Block 1: 비 = pi - Block 2: 누 = nu 
비누 = pi-nu = soap (remember i is prounounced like English ee I didn't feel like writing pee-noe
Let's do one last:

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020634.jpg" alt="syllable block 35" />
Block 1:보 = po - Block 2:다 = da (we read it da and not 'ta', because we know it is the middle of our word, but otherwise this block by itself would read 'ta'.) 
 보다 = po-da = to see
 See you in the next lesson.
 tto pwa-yo (See you)

Reading 3: ㅗ, ㅜ

Time for a treat. Let's finally learn something that makes sense :D

We had most of the vowels by now:
	


<table class="ui celled fixed table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td> 아 </td>
 <td> 이</td>
 <td>어 </td>
 <td> 애</td>
 <td> 에</td>
 <td> 오</td>
 <td> 우</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td> a </td>
 <td> i (ee)</td>
 <td> eo (aw) </td>
 <td> ae</td>
 <td> e (ay)</td>
 <td> o </td>
 <td> u (oe)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
By adding a little horizontal stroke to a, eo ae or e they become ya, yeo, yae and ye. However this doesn't work with the letter i.
For the letters o and u a vertical stroke will change them to yo and yu.
<table class="ui celled fixed table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td> 야 </td>
 <td> - </td>
 <td>여 </td>
 <td> 얘</td>
 <td> 예</td>
 <td> 요</td>
 <td> 유</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td> ya </td>
 <td> - </td>
 <td> yeo (yaw) </td>
 <td> yae</td>
 <td> ye (yay)</td>
 <td> yo </td>
 <td> yu (yoe)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
We will practise this in detail. Right now I care only for 요 yo.
 Yo is something very polite. You can add it to almost anything and make it sound polite. 
 Right time to mention, that Korean has 7 different levels of politeness. That doesn't mean that only the words directly adressed to the other person have to be polite. I might merely say: "My name is..." and offend somebody :D

 I will - at least for now - stick to two levels of politeness:
 - Informal polite (which you can use with almost anybody without getting slammed into your face.)
 - Formal polite ( for superiors, bosses, teachers, elderly people)

Let's start with informal polite. 

We have already seen some verbs, though you couldn't use them... Let's leave out the one for tie-binding and pick out the more practical ones.


<table class="ui celled table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>오다 - (o-da) to come </td>
 <td>보다 (po-da) to see </td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>

 And let's add: 가다 - ( ka-da) to go
 We have a new consonant here: ㄱ = k (at beginning /end) = g (middle)
 The -da part in these Verbforms is what makes them an infinitive. So if we want to conjugate them we have to take it off.
 Now conjugate is a big word. Koreans have one verbform for all persons. Pretty easy, isn't it?
When Korean people say they conjugate, they mean specifying the mood, the time and the politeness level of the verb.
 For Informal polite we use 요 = yo.
<table class="ui celled table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>가다</td>
 <td> - 다</td>
 <td>= 가</td>
 <td>+ 요</td>
 <td> = 가요</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>kada</td>
 <td>- da</td>
 <td> = ka</td>
 <td>+ yo</td>
 <td>= kayo</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
 kayo = I go / you go / he goes / she goes / we go...
Now we need of course a place to go to... what did we have...

<table class="ui celled table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>바 - (pa) the pub </td>
 <td>바다 - (pa-da) the sea </td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>
In order to go to these places we need to attach the particle 에 to the end of our noun.

바에 ( pa-e ) to the pub
바다에 ( pada-e ) to the sea

바에 가요. ( pa-e kayo.) I go to the pub. ( = You go to the pub. / He goes to the pub...) 
바다에 가요. ( pada-e kayo.) I go to the sea. (= You go to the sea. / He goes to the sea...)

 어디에 - (eodi-e) where(to)?
어디에 가요? (eodi-e kayo ?) Where are you going?

Note that when you learned the word where(to), it already had this particle attached.

Reading 4: ㄱ, ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅒ, ㅖ, ㅛ, ㅠ, conjugating verbs and using the particle 에

Isn't that exciting ? Suddenly you can talk to people, ask them where they are going, tell them where you are going, what you see...

 Let's add some places to our vocabulary.
First of all a new letter: ㅈ = j (as in jungle) / you might also hear some people saying it like 'ts'or 'tj'.
Oh and definitely we need some blocks for three letters. There 2 different ones and actually it is quite easy. Remember the blocks we used so far and add a space underneath.







<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020651.jpg" alt="syllable block 38" />
and now they become:



<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020653.jpg" alt="syllable block 39" />
So now we can add three letters in the same space. That means that our letters become a bit smaller. And that is the very reason why I make you look at these boxes. There will be boxes with 4 letters later and actually even with 5 (it depends on how one counts) and still they need to neatly look the same size as those two letter blocks. I would recommend you to try to write words by hand and practice spacing.

Do you remember our rules for the spots 1 and 2 ? They are still valid. Let me refresh your memory.

<ul>
 <li>No.1 is always a consonant.</li>
 <li>No.2 is always a vowel. ( and this vowel decides the shape of our box, even of the three letter box)</li>
 <li> All spaces have to be filled in.</li>
 <li> No. 3 is always underneath and is always a consonant. (except for blocks with double vowels, but in that case the entire blocks looks different.)</li>
</ul>
Let's go !
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020654.jpg" alt="syllable block 40" />
Like before we read the letters according to numbers: 1 = j, 2 = i, 3 = b (but here p because of being the last letter in a block) which reads altogether: jip = house / home
As we have seen in our last lesson, we need to add 에 / -e to the place if we want to go there. 
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020655.jpg" alt="syllable block 41" />
But look what happened now to our pronunciation. The letter ㅂ is no longer at the end of a word but right in the middle. So now it becomes a b

 집에 = ji-be* = to the house / (to) home 

* You might have noticed that I grouped the transcribed letters according to how we would pronounce them. The Korean blocks literally spell: jib-e 
 So let's go home, shall we ?
 집에 가요. = Ji-be ka-yo. = I go home / you go home/ we go home/ Do we go home?/ Let's go home...
Let's look a little at a consonant, we have learned already: ㅇ
 We have seen it so far only as a silent place 1 filler. But it actually does have some sound to it. (not in place 1 though) It can however occur in place 3 and then sound like ng


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020656.jpg" alt="syllable block 42" />
Note that in real life slot 1 and 2 melt a bit together to help you gain some space: 공
 Now let's read that: 공 = kong = ball 
 공을 kong-eul
Our ball has become an object (we added -eul to it - the object ending after a consonant)

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020657.jpg" alt="syllable block 43" />
공을 봐요. = kon-geul pwa-yo. = I see the ball.
 Did you notice that there were two ㅇ in a row ? The first one was voiced since it came in end position of the syllable kong, the second was silent since it was the start of the syllable eul.
 But right, I am getting carried away... we wanted a place, not a ball.

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020658.jpg" alt="syllable block 44" />
ㅎ = h 
 공항 = kong hang = the airport 
- 어디에 가요 ? = eo-di-e ka-yo? = Where are you going?
 - 공항에 가요. kong-hang-e ka-yo. I go to the airport.
At the risk of getting repetitive here, let me insist one more time on the fact that the vowel of slot 2 decides on the shape of our letter box. 
With the vowels 아 이 어 에 애 we get: 

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020659.jpg" alt="syllable block 45" />
 with the vowels 오 우 으 we get:





<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020660.jpg" alt="syllable block 46" />
Let's practice a bit more.

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020661.jpg" alt="syllable block 47" />
 은행 = eun-haeng = the bank
 - 은행에 가요? Eun-haeng-e ka-yo? Are you going to the bank?
- 네 은행에 가요 Ne, eun-haeng-e ka-yo. Yes, I go to the bank.




<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020672.jpg" alt="syllable block 48" />
 학교 = = hak-kyo = the school

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020673.jpg" alt="syllable block 49" />
가게 ka-ge = the shop - (Here again we have ㄱ at word begin = k and in the middle of the word = g)
 Do you still remember the new letter we learned ? ㅈ= j
With this letter we can write the word:
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021378.jpg" alt="syllable block 50" />
장 = jang = place
Let's have one more letter : ㅅ= s (one exception: before i = sh)
사 = sa, 서 = seo(saw), 소= so, 수= su, 세= se(say), 새= sae, but: 시= shi
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021379.jpg" alt="syllable block 52" />
시장 = shi-jang = market

<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021380.jpg" alt="syllable block 53" />
식당= shik-tang = restaurant
Remember, we can add a little line to our vowels in order to add a 'y' to them.
We have used 오 = o, 요 = yo
Btw. 우 = u (oo), 유= yu (yoo), 우유 = u-yu (oo-yoo) = milk
 Well, now we need 어 = eo (aw) = yeo (yaw)
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021381.jpg" alt="syllable block 51" />
수영장= su-jeong-jang = swimming pool (the place where one does su-jeong = swimming)
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021382.jpg" alt="syllable block 54" />
역= yeok = (train) station
We can actually add the train in front of it. Train is an interesting word composed of two syllables:
기 = ki = spirit / energy and 차 = tsha = vehicle (also short word for car) 
So let's add our kitsha to the station and we'll get:
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1021383.jpg" alt="syllable block 55" />
Right there was a new letter : ㅊ= tsh (Look in the picture above and you see it can also look slightly different)
ki-tsha-yeok = train station
Another interesting pont is maybe to look at the different shapes the letter 'k' can take when fitting into our block. The first and the last letter of our word for train stain are the same letter: ㄱ
 To end this lesson let's have a last look at all the vowels and consonants we have learned.
<table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Vowels</th>
 <th>Consonants</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>아 - a </td>
 <td>ㅂ - b (beginning or end of a word: p)</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>이 - i (ee as in see)</td>
 <td>ㄷ - d (beginning or end of a word: t)</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>어 - aw </td>
 <td>ㅁ - m </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>에 - ay (e as in pianoforte)</td>
 <td>ㄴ - n </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>애 - ae ( as 'ea' in yeah)</td>
 <td>ㄹ - r (if last letter of a word: l)</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>오 - o (as in tongue)</td>
 <td>ㅎ - h </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>우 - u (as 'oo' in school)</td>
 <td>ㅈ -j (as in Jack)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td>ㄱ - k (beginning and end) - g (word middle)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td>ㅅ - s (as in snob)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td>ㅊ tch (as in match)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

Reading 6 - 3 letter blocks 

We still have one group of vowel clusters to tackle... Let's do one of them right now:


	워 = weo 


	u + eo = weo


Just try to memorize the picture 워 

 We need this vowel cluster for one important word:
 
뭐 = mweo = what
 Did you spot that I replaced the no-consonant sign ㅇ by the consonant ㅁ = m ?
Do you remember this word ?
이 = i = this
이 나비 = i nabi = this butterfly
 Easy isn't it :D I think we had that in lesson 1. But let's build up on this now.

이것 = i-geo (the third letter (here s) is often mute if there isn't another syllable or word that follows)= this (thing)
 We need this when we want to use 'this' without a noun.
이 alone can be used for this butterfly, this car, this house... but not if we want to say: This is a butterfly, this is a car, this is a house... In Korean we need to say instead: This thing is... and therefore we need to use 
이것
This seems a good spot to throw a topic marker in. This means I am pointing to some object I want to talk about. And that is what topic markers are for. They kind of give a title to our discussion. It is a concept used in many Asian languages. I will give you a more detailed explanation one or two lessons from now. Just accept for now that some words end in -eun/-neun.
So with your gracious permission, I will change our 이것 = i-geo to:
이것은 = i-geos-eun Now as something follows our syllable the 's'of 것 is pronounced.


But we still need something more: a verbform:
이에요/ 예요 - i-e-yo / ye-yo - am /is/are (remember there is only one verbform for all persons)
 i-e-yo comes after a consonant whereas yeyo follows a vowel. 
 also i-e-yo spells with an ㅔ= e (one horizontal line), whereas ye-yo spells with a ㅖ = ye ( two horizontal lines) 
 our butterfly - na-bi ends in a vowel, so it is followed by ye-yo, which is directly attached to the word.
이것은 나비예요.- i-geos-eun na-bi-ye-yo. - This is a butterfly.
Let's look at a word ending in a consonant:
 가방 = kabang is a bag.
가방이에요. ka-bang-i-e-yo - It's a bag.
이것은 가방이에요. i-geos-eun ka-bang-i-e-yo. - This is a bag.
 Did you notice this ? 나비예요 means: It is a butterfly. But if I don't add additional information it could also mean: I am a butterfly. / You are a butterfly. /We are butterflies./ Let's be a butterfly ! / Is it a butterfly?
 In a conversation usually the context is clear. So you don't always need to add additional pronouns. It is actually rather redundant to do so. Korean people like to leave out whatever they can...
 We haven't really used our new question word yet... Do you remember it ?
 뭐 mweo - what ?
 We have now all the elements to ask: What is this?
이것은 뭐예요 ? I-geos-eun mweo-ye-yo ? (mweo ends in a vowel, so it takes yeyo - but this whole 'i-ye-yo-vs.-yeyo-thing' is merely a matter of facilitating pronunciation.
 And as I mentionned earlier, we can leave out unnecessary pronouns, we even can drop 'i-geo'.
뭐예요 ? Mweo-ye-yo ? What is it ?
 So let's have a little discussion...
But first I give You a new word:
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1022035.jpg" alt="syllable block 56" />
물 mul - water (remember ㄹ is only 'l' at the end of a word. If we add 'i-e-yo' to 'mul' our 'l' turns into a 'r': mur-i-e-yo) 
So here's our conversation:
이것은 뭐예요?
물이에요.
뭐예요? 물이에요?
녜.물이에요.
 Could you follow?
i-geos-eun mweo-ye-yo? - What is this?
Mur-i-e-yo. - It's water.
Mweo-ye-yo? Mur-i-e-yo? - What is it? Water?
Ne. Mur-i-e-yo. - Yes. It's water.
 Ok. Let's do something exciting. Let's learn two very helpful verbs.
먹다 meokk-ta ( the combination of 'k' at the syllable end + 'd' at syllable start turns into 'kkt') to eat 
and 마시다 ma-shi-da to drink.
 Now this new verbs have one important difference to the ones we have studied earlier: their stem does not end in 'o' or 'a'.
ka-da = to go
po-da = to see
 To form their conjugated form, we replaced the infinitive marker 'da' by the polite 'yo'. 
ka-yo = I go / pwa-yo = I see 
 For all verbs with a stem ending in something other than -o or -a we need to replace 'da' by 'eo-yo' (어요)
meokkta becomes meog-eo-yo - 먹어요 - I eat.
ma-shi-da becomes ma-shi-eo-yo however shi-eo contracts to shyeo - 셔 which gives us 마셔요 = ma-shyeo-yo
 Ok enough of all this theory. Let's come to some real important stuff:
맥주를 마셔요. - maeg-ju-reul ma-shyeo-yo. = I drink beer. 
Under 16 please scroll down until the juice part ! :D
 뭐 먹어요? mweo meog-eo-yo? = What are you eating? 
 To be 'politically' correct I should have added the object ending - eul to our question word mweo - 뭐 which on top of it spells in formal writing with an unpronounced 's' (무엇).
 
 So the whole word would turn into:
 무엇을 = mu-eos-eul 
 However in spoken language it is quite common to drop object endings and mweo is quite acceptable.
 비빔밥을 먹어요. Pi-bim-pab-eul meog-eo-yo. = I eat Bibimbap.
 Do you know what that is ? One of my favourites. You absolutely must try that one. Just look at it. It is:
 맛있어요 - ma-shiss-eo-yo = it is delicious.
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1022320.jpg" alt="Bibimbap" />
 Now how about closing this lesson with giving you a list of food and drinks to play with...
음식 eum-shik = food
밥 pap = (cooked) rice
고기 kogi = meat
감자 kam-ja = potato
국수 kug-su = noodles
소금 so-geum = salt
후추 hu-tchu = pepper - Doesn't that sound like a sneeze ? :D
두부 tubu = tofu
오우 o-u = cucumber
설탕 seol-tang = sugar
과차 kwa-tcha = cookie, any kind of baked snack, also chips (crisps) 
김치 kim-tchi
 You know what kimchi is, right? It is that kind of stuff that knocks me off my pants when I innocently open the fridge in the morning to get some milk for my coffee, not knowing that someone has left an opened package behind... I have heard that Koreans have a seperate kimchi refrigerator. If ever you smelled it, you would know why :D But it's delicious. It is a kind of fermented cabbage not so much unlike German Sauerkraut, but much stronger in flavour and smell. Let me show you a picture.
<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1022321.jpg" alt="Kimchi" />
 Let's have some drinks:
우유 u-yu = milk
차 tcha = tea
Sorry guys, no coffee yet for you. We are still lacking a letter... also coke is on hold:D But I'll let you have some green tea and some juice instead.:)
녹차 nok-tcha = green tea
주스 ju-seu = juice
 Well that gives you already quite a range of food experience. Remains to wish you a happy meal. Korean people would say before a meal:
잘 먹겠습니다 tchal meog-ge-seum-ni-da = (I will eat well) 
 This is very polite to say, especially when you are invited.

Reading 7 - Food - verbs with consonant stem

We have been talking about two different groups of verbs:

<ol>
 <li>Verbs with a stem ending in a or o (e.g.가다= kada / 보다= poda)</li>
 <li>Verbs with a stem ending in other than a/o (e.g.목다 = mokkta / 마시다 = mashida)</li>
</ol>

	There is a third type:D Logically that should not be possible... but it is just one single verb of the a/o group which for some mysterious reason behaves differently... Again you might say, why should we even bother, if its just one verb, we can do without it! And there you are wrong! It is the best verb ever. Hahaha I sound like a salesman now. What am I going to make you buy? 


	The verb is called 하다 = hada and it means to do
	

Ah you are still not impressed... Well let me tell you this. The verb hada can be used to change nouns into verbs. And there are many of them. You might even start forming your own ones, and all have the same form as hada since it is only the hada part which is conjugated. Let me give you some examples...
	 

공부 - kongbu = the study 
Now we simply add the verb hada (to do) to the end and we get
 공부하다 - kongbu-hada = to do studies = to study
 Let's try to pick a word you know already... Do you remember 
머리 - meori = head
 Well there is : 머리하다 -meori-hada = to do one's hair
 Well, that one was a bit abstract. Let's find another word.
노레 - norae = song
 노레하다 norae-hada to sing
 There is also 수영 - suyeong - swimming. Remember we had the swimmingpool 수영장

 수영하다 suyeong-hada - to swim
 Do you recall 밥 pap = rice It can also mean meal.
 밥하다 - pap-hada = to fix a meal
 Let's have some fun words. You didn't learn them yet, but you might guess. I won't give you the answer right away,so you need work a bit :D
<ol>
 <li>쇼핑하디</li>
 <li>샤워하다</li>
 <li>데이트하다</li>
</ol>
 Have fun !
 Oh and one must-know :)
 사랑 sarang = love
 사랑하다 saranghada = to love
 Now let's try to conjugate these hada-verbs. If they would behave as a normal a/o verb, we should expect the following:
가다 - ka-da > 가요 - ka-yo
하다 - ha-da > 하요 - ha-yo But that is not the case. Instead hada prefers to turn into:
해요 - hae-yo (I do, you do, he does, they do, let's do...)
 Not too bad, right? I mean buying this you get all the build-up verbs in the deal and there are plenty. If you are impatient, you may type 'verbs with 하다' into Google and you immediately end up on a site proposing you to download 100 hada-verbs. You might as well simply stick with me and learn those verbs when they come up little by little in some useful context. Up to you :D 
Ok let's move on. Let's look at all the hada verbs mentionned above.
<table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>infinitive</th>
 <th> romanization</th>
 <th>conjugated form</th>
 <th> romanization</th>
 <th> translation</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>공부하다</td>
 <td>kongbu-hada</td>
 <td>공부해요</td>
 <td> kongbu-haeyo</td>
 <td> I study</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>머리하다</td>
 <td> meori-hada</td>
 <td>머리해요</td>
 <td>meori-haeyo</td>
 <td> I do my hair</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>노레하다</td>
 <td> norae-hada</td>
 <td>노레해요</td>
 <td>norae- haeyo</td>
 <td> I sing</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>수영하다</td>
 <td>suyeong-hada</td>
 <td>수영해요</td>
 <td>suyeong-haeyo</td>
 <td> I swim</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>밥하다</td>
 <td>pap-hada</td>
 <td>밥해요</td>
 <td> pap-haeyo</td>
 <td> I fix a meal</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>사랑하다</td>
 <td> sarang-hada</td>
 <td>사랑해요</td>
 <td>sarang-haeyo</td>
 <td> I love</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>쇼핑하디</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td>쇼핑해요</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td>? </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>샤워하다</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td>샤워해요</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td>? </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>데이트하다</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td>데이트해요</td>
 <td>?</td>
 <td> ? </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

 Now there is one more issue we need to talk about. If hada verbs are a construction out of nouns and the verb hada they can also be unassembled.
 공부하다 = 공부 + 하다 
 We can also use them in their dissassembled form, but since the noun is an object to the verb (hada - to do) it needs an object ending: 을/를 (eul/reul).We have seen these before.
so:
 공부하다 = 공부를 하다 (kongbu-reul hada) to study - to do studies
 공부하요 = 공부를 해요 (kongbu- reul haeyo) I study - I do studies
 You can use either form, connected or seperated, there is no change in the meaning.
So now you might wonder why we do it at all... :D Well there is a reason.
 The concept behind it is that if I want to put anything inbetween the noun and the verb there is a slot. But what would we want to put in there ;P There are several options, for instance negation. Hmmm we haven't yet seen negation with regular verbs... Let's have a quick look at it now. It's pretty easy.
 All you need to do is to put the word 안 (an = not) directly before the verb, that is to be negated.
<table class="ui celled definition table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>가요 - kayo = I go </td>
 <td>안 가요- an kayo = I don't go</td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>
 Now coming to a combined hada verb (noun + hada) we have to put an before the verb, but not before the noun. So that is why we need to split the two.
<table class="ui celled definition table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>공부하요 = 공부를 해요 kongbuhaeyo / kongbureul haeyo I study </td>
 <td>공부를 안 해요 kongbureul an haeyo I don't study</td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>
 There are lots of other things as well to fill into that gap. There is e.g.못 (mot = can't) 
<table class="ui celled definition table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>수영헤요 / 수영을 해요 suyeonghaeyo = suyeongeul haeyo I swim </td>
 <td>수영을 못해요suyeongeul mot-haeyo I can't swim </td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>
Mot as you might have noticed unlike an attaches to the verb hada, however it remains detached from other verbs.
자주 - jaju means often.
 노레를 자주 해요. - Noraereul jaju haeyo. I often sing.
많이 mani means a lot (the 'h' is silent. Usually when you have 4 letters in a syllable block only 3 are pronounced. We ll get to that later)
 공부를 많이 해요. Kongbureul mani haeyo. I study a lot. 
 One last: 전혀 jeon-hyeo not at all and it has to take 안
 공부를 전혀 안 해요. Kongbureul jeon-hyeo an haeyo. I don't study at all. 
 I hope that is not you :D But maybe you are all geniuses who don't need to study. So here is one last bonus information for geniuses:
 Not all hada verbs are able to split up into two parts, only the ones build up with nouns. Verbs constructed from adjectives + hada cannot seperate. A lot of those non splitable verbs have to do with feelings or stomach issues as vomiting. To be drunk is also part of them. So best stay away from too much maegju and you won't have trouble with hada verbs. XD

 Oh, right I owe you still the solution to our riddle earlier. So since you are all geniuses, you surely have figured it out yourself... Here it is anyway:
<ol>
 <li>쇼핑하디 = shopping-hada = to do shopping</li>
 <li>샤워하다 = shaweo-hada = to take a shower</li>
 <li>데이트하다 = de-i-te- hada = to have a date</li>
</ol>
쇼 = syo = sho 
샤 = sya = sha

Reading 8 - hada verbs

Let's use another verb : 오다 = (oda) to come 
 오 + ㅏ = 와 (wa)


<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020636.jpg" alt="syllable block 36" />
We will tackle three character blocks later. Just memorize this one.
 For the pronunciation : o-a melts into wa 
It is pretty logical. Try to say very quickly ' o-a o-a o-a' and you will automatically say 'wa wa wa.
와요 = (wayo) I come (= You come, he comes...)

바에 와요. ( pa-e wayo.) I come to the pub. ( = You come to the pub. / He comes to the pub...) 
바다에 와요. ( pada-e wayo.) I come to the sea. (= You come to the sea. / He comes to the sea...)

보다 behaves the same way as oda . When we add yo it turns into 봐요 pwayo.





<img src="https://elonstorage.blob.core.windows.net/file/1020637.jpg" alt="syllable block 37" />
 to see something requires that I transform this something into an object. e.g. 바다 (pada) the sea needs a suffix attached to it, if I want to see it.
There are 2 options: 을 (eul) and 를 (reul)
 으 = eu (uh) is the last vowel lacking in our list. Like 'i' it can't take an extra line (y).
 Also take note of the two different pronunciations of the letter ㄹ. At the beginning of the syllable it is r at the end it is l (reul).

<ul>
 <li>Words ending in a consonant take 을 (eul) </li>
 <li>Words ending in a vowel take 를 (reul)</li>
</ul>
 Actually we only have learned words ending in vowels up till now and this for a very simple reason: The Number 2 in a syllable block is always a vowel. In order to end with a consonant we need bigger blocks.
So let's build our objects:
바 + 를 = 바를 (pareul) the bar
바다 + 를 = 바다를 (padareul) the sea
나비 + 를 = 나비를 (nabireul) the butterfly
비 + 를 = 비를 (pireul) the rain
Now we can build sentences:
<ul>
 <li>바를 봐요. (Pa-reul pwayo.) I see the bar.</li>
 <li>바다를 봐요. (Padareul pwayo.) I see the sea. (= Do you see the sea? - By raising our voice in the end we can make this even a question.)</li> 
 <li>나비를 봐요 (Nabireul pwayo) I see the butterfly.</li>
 <li>비를 봐요. (Pireul pwayo.) I see the rain.</li>
 <li>바나나를 봐요. (Pananareul pwayo.) I see the banana.</li>
</ul>

Reading 5

Topic markers / Subject markers


	Now that I have put the title, I somehow will go on... It is not an easy subject and I guess every Korean teacher pushes it off as long as possible... What is the problem? Well there is none except that the whole concept is quite different from Western languages and that - though there are rules for these markers- they are often omitted in daily life except for situations where they can't be omitted or where politeness requires them, or where you might sound more educated using them... and that we together have to establish a system for ourselves which will help us to fit into all this :D


	After this encouraging introduction let's start.


	 In an English sentence word order is quite important. Let's take for instance:

 The bird eats the worm.
 We know from the word order, who is eating whom. The bird is the eater and the worm is the food. If we turn the words around like
 The worm eats the bird.
 the whole scenario is inversed. The worm is having the meal and the bird is the prey.
 So who comes first acts on who comes after. The early bird catches the worm...
 We could also express that differently. The first word (the noun preceding the verb) is the subject (the actor of the verb), the word following the verb is the object (the thing onto which the verb is acted, here it get's eaten)
 Let's do that whole sentence in Korean.
 새 - sae is the bird.
 벌레 - peolle is a worm or any kind of bug
새 벌레 먹어요. sae peolle mogeoyo.
 But unlike English, this is not quite clear. All we can say for sure is:
<ul>
 <li>There is a bird.</li>
 <li>There is a worm.</li>
 <li> Someone is eating. We don't know who. Could be even me eating both of them...</li>
</ul>
 Of course the context and common sentence will answer some of the questions. My appetite for worms is not so great. I find them 맛없어요 - mat-eops-eo-yo (they taste awful) 
But we can also clearly mark who is doing what in the sentence. To do so in Korean you need to add suffixes to the different words. One of them you learned already. You know already how to mark the victim. :D We simply add the object ending 을/를.
새 벌레를 먹어요. Sae peolle-reul meogeoyo.
 Now the worm can't escape its destiny... As for the bird it is not yet clear. To make sure that it won't be me snacking it, we can add a subject marker to the bird. Those subject markers are 
<table class="ui celled definition table">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>이</td>
 <td> (i) following a consonant</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td> 가</td>
 <td>(ga) after words ending in a vowel (as is the bird we are trying to safe)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
새가 벌레를 먹어요. Sae-ga peolle-reul meogeoyo.
Now there is no more doubt.
One interesting point is, since the distinction between Subject and Object is based on endings (suffixes) the word order is not crucial. Whatever order we move the words in our Korean sentence it is pretty clearcut who eats whom. Now one rule we have to keep in mind: The verb comes at the end. But we still could say: 
벌레를 새가 먹어요. Peolle-reul sae-ga meogeoyo.
 And it still would makes sense, still mean The bird eats the worm.
 We are one down :D That was still pretty easy... Now the Topic marker 
 The topic marker is something which we do not find at all in English. It is a bit like giving a title to our statement. The endings for topic markers are: 
은/는 eun (after consonant)
So I could say now, I want to talk about the bird. I want to make a statement about the bird. It is actually eating a worm right now. I mean it is eating - never mind for the rights of unprotected little worms in our environment. We care for the bird right now.
새는 벌레를 먹어요. Sae-neun peolle-reul meogeoyo.
 If I now want to say more things about the bird, other than that they are worm eaters, I don't need to use the topic marker again. If however I want to change the topic, maybe I want now to talk about the life expectancy of worms or I had enough of nature and want to tell you what my new car looks like... in this case I need to mark my new subject with the topic marker.
 So far so good. The interesting part comes now:
 The Subject of my sentences does not necessarily have to be my topic. e.g. My sentence The bird eats the worm. could be the last line of the Life story of Kim the rainworm (no idea what Koreans would call their rainworms..) Though maybe it is a bit late to mark the topic in the last sentence, maybe it should be the starting line of the story of Kim's son :D Anyway it is the following we would get:
 벌레는 새가 먹어요. Peolle-neun sae-ga meogeoyo. As for the worm, the bird eats it.
 But there is still more to it. The topic marker can introduce general statements as:
 Birds can fly. Water is blue...
 It also can make a contrast to a previous statement: 
I eat a lot of pizza. But what I really like is Kimchi.
 We will work on such complex statements later. But let's introduce here finally some personal pronouns.
Let's start with I. 저
 There is also 'na' but that is below our politeness level :D Let's stick to 'jeo' for now. Since you can omit 'jeo' in most sentences, we can safely assume that when you use it, you would want to emphasize it. 'As for me...' 'But I...' 'It is me, who...' So you can safely attach 'neun' to it. There might be cases where it doesn't carry 'neun', but the majority seem to be the 'joneun' situations.
 저는
uff, I am already running out of pronouns... maybe 우리는 - uri-neun = we. But that's about it.
 
 You might wonder how come. What happened to you, he, she, it , you (pl), they ... Well of course there are words, but to use them would be counted as rude in most situations. So I am not even going to teach them to you at present. :D
 A polite way of adressing a Korean person or to talk about a person is to call him / her by name + title.
 For title there is the general (from about 20 years of age upwards) 씨 - shi
 So if someone is called 수진 - Sujin for example (a feminine name) She would be called 수진 씨 - Sujin shi 
 Or 준서 Jungseo (male name) would be called 준서 씨 Jungseo shi
 Let's imagine a scenario: You are going to a restaurant together with Jungseo and you are about to order your food. You might ask him:
저는 피자를 먹어요, 준서 씨는요 ? - jeo-neun pija-reul meogeoyo, Junseo shineun-yo? I eat pizza, how about you (Jungseo) ?
 Did you notice the two topic markers? As for me I eat pizza, talking about you, what will you eat ?
 You might leave out the object marker on the pizza, but you can't do without the topic markers.
 We had this sentence before without pronoun. That was fine for a certain context. Let's say Jungseo asks you: What are you gonna eat? And you answer: I'll have pizza. - oh let's have this in Korean:
뭣을 먹어요? Mwos-eul meogeoyo? What do you eat?
피자를 먹어요. Pija-reul meogeoyo. I eat pizza.
 Or if you want to drop the object particles...
뭐 먹어요? Mwo meogeoyo? What do you eat?
피자 먹어요. Pija meogeoyo. I eat pizza.
 Here it is fine to not use any pronoun or topic marker, but if you contrast two different things or persons you need to use those markers. I eat this and you eat that. Kimchi is good but cheese is bad. etc.
 Having come so far, let me teach me teach you another word, how to adress a group:
여러분 yeo-reo-bun ( everyone)
 And with that let me say:
여러분 안녕히 가세요 yeo-reo-bun an-yeonghi kaseyo ( goodbye, everybody)

Topic markers /Subject markers

여러분 안녕하세요 (yeoreobun anyeong-haseyo) - Welcome everybody

 We have learned how to say: It is a ... Noun + i-eyo /yeyo - 이에요 / 예요

e.g. 라디오예요. (Radio-yeyo) - It is a radio. 

 신문이에요. (shinmun-i-e-yo.) - It is a newspaper.


We also have seen sentences like: This is... / these are... - I-geos-eun + Noun + i-e-yo/yeyo. 이것은...이에요 / 예요. 


 e.g.


 이것은 라디오예요. (I-geos-eun radio-yeyo.) - This is a radio. 


 이것은 신문이에요. (I-geos-eun shinmun-i-e-yo.) - This is a newspaper.


 Now let's have a look at how to say: 

 There is a ...
 Our noun needs to take a topic marker eun/neun - 은 / 는 and we need the verb 있다 - issda ( spoken: ita - I will explain this later) The conjugated form we actually need is 있어요 (isseoyo) So: 
 Noun (eun/neun) isseoyo. - ... (은 / 는) 있어요.
라디오는 있어요. (Radio-neun isseoyo.) - There is a radio.
 신문은 있어요. (Shinmun-eun isseoyo.) - There is a newspaper.
 Let me share a good news with you. If you want to say: There are radios, there are newspapers... it is exactly the same. Of course there exists a Korean plural form for nouns, but in most cases you are not obliged to use it, neither would Korean people...
Actually even 'I have a newspaper.' is pretty easy now:
You would literally say: As for for me, there is a newspaper.
 저는 신문이 있어요. (Jeo-neun shinmun-i isseoyo.)

 Our newspaper got the Subjectmarker i/ga, the Topicmarker is on 'I'. Topic is ME AND MY POSSESSIONS. But I am NOT the subject of the sentence. That is very unlike English. (in 'I have...' - I - is the subject.) In the Korean sentence the possession (here: the newspaper) is the subject. (For as much as I am concerned) the 'newspaper' is there. And to show how unimportant 'I' get in this sentence, 'jeoneun' can actually be left out completely. (Which doesn't change any of the word endings) 


 신문이 있어요. (Shinmun-i isseoyo.) I have a newspaper.

 (저는) 라디오가 있어요. ((Jeo-neun) radio-ga isseoyo.) I have a radio.
 With our new verb we can also ask now where things are, where people are, where we are...
어디에 있어요? eodi-e isseoyo?) Where is it ? Where are you ? Where am I ? ... 
 If you need to specify the thing/ person you are looking for you need to add it to the beginning of our sentence and give it a subject marker.
핸드폰이 어디에 있어요? (haendeupon eodi-e isseoyo?) Where is my cellphone?
 Again I didn't add the word 'my' in Korean. The sentence could be: Where is your cell phone? Where is his cell phone...
민지 씨가 어디에 있어요? Minji shiga eodi-e isseoyo? Where is Minji? Where are you, Minji? (in the latter case I would leave of the '-ga'- it is frequently dropped in spoken language) (Minji is a female name)
어디에 있어요? Eodi-e isseoyo? Where are you?
 지금 어디에 있어요? Ji-geum eodi-e isseoyo? Where are you now?
 Let's try to answer those questions...
 In order to go to a place we added -에 to the place. In order to be at a place, we do the same thing.
 가게에 가요. (kage-e kayo.) I go to the shop.
가게에 있어요. (kage-e isseoyo.) I am at the shop.
 유진 씨, 집에 있어요? (Yujin shi jibe isseoyo?) Are you home Yujin ? (female name) 
네 맞아요. 집에 있어. (Ne majayo. Jibe isseoyo.) Yes, that is right. I am home.
책이 가방에 있어요? (tchaeg-i kabang-e isseoyo?) Is the book in the bag ?
아니요 상자에 있어요. (Aniyo. Sangja-e isseoyo.) No. It is in the box.
지금은 그걸로 충분해요 (jigeum-eun geugeollo chungbunhaeyo) That is enough for now.
여러분 감사합니다 (yeoreobun kamsahamnida) Thank you everybody !

 There is / there are

We know by now how to go to places and how to be at places, but what we can't say is what we do at those places...


	Going to a place requires the ending -에/ (e) at the place.


극장에 가요. Keugjang-e kayo. I go to the theater.

극장 (keugjang) is a theater or a cinema (movie theater) though there is a second more specific word for the cinema which is 영화관 yeonghwagwan. And 영화/yeonghwa is the movie.

 To be at a place requires the ending -에/ (e) at the place + 있어요 (isseoyo) - to be 
극장에 있어요. (Keugjang-e isseoyo) - I am at the cinema. 
 Now to do something at a place needs a different ending : 에서 (eseo)
 극장에서 영화를 봐요. Keugjang-eseo yeonghwa-reul pwayo. - I watch a movie at the cinema.
 Let's look at the three sentences together.
극장에 가요.
극장에 있어요. 
극장에서 영화를 봐요.
 Not bad, isn't it. Feels like we learned something :D 
 Let's do some more
수영장에 가요. Suyeong-djang-e ka-yo. - I go to the swimming pool.
수영장에 있어요. Suyeong-djang-e isseoyo. - I am at the swimming pool.
수영장에서 수영을 해요. Suyeong-djang-eseo suyeong-eul hae-yo. - I swim at the swimmingpool.
사다 - sa-da = to buy
가게에 가요.kage-e ka-yo. - I go to the shop.
가게에 있어요. kage-e isseoyo. - I am at the shop.
가게에서 차을 사요. kage-eseo tcha-eul sa-yo. - I buy tea at the shop.
공원에 가요. kongweon-e ka-yo. - I go to the park.
공원에 있어요. Kongweon-e isseoyo. - I am at the park.
 운동하다 undong-hada to exercise / work out (sport) 
공원에서 운동해요. Kongweon-eseo undong-haeyo. - I exercise at the park.
 듣다 teud-da - to listen
 들어요 teuR-eo-yo I listen (irregular verb !)
 집에 가요. Jib-e kayo. I go home.
 집에 있어요. Jib-e isseoyo. - I am home.
 집에서 라디오를 들어요. Jib-eseo ladio-reul teuR-eo-yo. - At home I listen to the radio.
 학교에 가요. hakkyo-e kayo. - I go to school.
학교에 있어요. hakkyo-e isseoyo. I am at school.
학교에서 공부해요. hakkyo-eseo kongbu-haeyo. I study at school.
 여러분 감사합니다 - yeoreobun kamsa-hamnida - Thank you everybody

At (the place)

1.-.01

1.00.01

여러분 안녕하세요 yeoreobun anyeonghaseyo Hello everybody !

	Let's do something exciting! Let's learn how to say what we want to do. It is pretty easy. It is simply adding a little 'end formular' to our verb. Actually most of Korean is about adding little verb endings, you are going to see this in futur lessons. That is the fun part of the Korean language: one little formular - thousands of new possibilities for expressing things :D

 So let's go for it right away. 'to want to' is:
	
	 - 고 싶어요 -go shipeoyo
	 If our verb is 가다 kada - to go
 We drop the -da which is the infinitive ending and add our new formular instead.
 가고 싶어요 kago shipeoyo - I want to go.
 Ooooh. High time I introduce a new letter. Finally we have a decent 'p', not just a 'b- at word start'.	
 ㅍ = p 
 Let's do another a-verb
 사다 sada - to buy
 사고 싶어요 sago shipeoyo - I want to buy.
 가게에 가고 싶어요. 바나나를 사고 싶어요. Kage-e kago shipeoyo. Panana-reul sago shipeoyo. - I want to go to the shop. I want to buy bananas.
 I bet you were dying to be able to say this in Korean. XD

I want to...

on top, under and inside

animals , in front,  behind and next to